Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 to S7 References Movies S1 to S7 Role of Subplate Neurons in Functional Maturation of Visual Cortical Columns-猫眼课题宝

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S. W. Grill;P. Gönczy;E. H. K. Stelzer;A. Hyman;D J Sharp;G. C. Rogers;J. Scholey;M Gotta;Y. Dong;Y. K. Peterson;S. M. Lanier;J. Ahringer;R. G. M. Srinivasan;H. Fisk;S. Xu;Den Van;Heuvel;A. Cowan;M. Desai;P. Diehl;M. Gönczy;E. Glotzer;F. Hannak;K. Jülicher;L. Oegema;A. Pelletier;G. Riedinger;E. Ritter;N. Sackmann;M. Salmon;E. Srayko;Tanaka;P. Kanold;Prakash Kara;R. Clay;Reid;C. Shatz

在速度受限的情况下，只要有一个或多个力发生器启动，碎片就会以最大速度移动。每个碎片的力发生器越多，平均速度越高，因为具有至少一个主动力发生器的概率增加。然而，该模型导致与所提出的力受限情况相同的均值-方差关系，其中N = 1。这与我们的结果不一致。21.每个纺锤极产生少于12个紫菀碎片，每个碎片产生一到两个主动力发生器，我们预计在后期的任何时候整个胚胎产生少于50个主动力发生器。由于激光聚焦在中心粒周围物质和微管蛋白的局部区域，我们预计一部分中心体微管蛋白将被破坏。因此，并非所有的紫菀碎片都含有可检测水平的β-微管蛋白。31.来自用于OICD的脉冲紫外（UV）激光的杂散光漂白了周围的GFP-β-微管蛋白。因此，UV激光功率降低约70%以通过GFP可视化片段移动。随着激光功率的降低，我们可能会产生更大的碎片，并增加阻力系数。因此，GFP测定中的基本速度小于DIC测定中的基本速度。另一方面，较大的片段具有更多相关的力发生器，与GFP测定的N的一般增加一致。32.我们感谢C。有用的讨论、实验帮助和有用的评论。由德国研究共同体资助SPP 1111（HY 3/2-1）支持。基板形成了一个短暂的电路，需要丘脑和大脑皮层之间的联系的发展。当亚板神经元被消融时，尽管第4层中存在大量的丘脑轴突，但视觉皮质中不会形成眼优势柱。我们发现，基板烧蚀也防止形成的方向列。视觉反应很弱，对方向的反应也很差。此外，丘脑皮层突触传递未能加强，而皮层内突触不受影响。因此，基板电路是必不可少的，不仅为丘脑输入的解剖隔离，但也为关键步骤，突触重塑和成熟需要建立视觉皮层的功能架构。位于发育中的白色物质（WM）中的亚板神经元是有丝分裂后的第一批皮质神经元（1）。它们也是第一个从丘脑接受功能性突触输入的动物;它们的轴突在丘脑轴突侵入皮层之前将这种输入传递到皮层板。

In the velocity-limited regime, a fragment moves at the maximum velocity whenever there are one or more force generators active. The more force generators per fragment, the higher the mean speed, because the probability of having at least one active force generator is increased. However, this model results in a mean-variance relationship identical to the force-limited case presented, with N ϭ 1. This is not consistent with our results. 21. With fewer than 12 aster fragments generated per spindle pole and one or two active force generators per fragment, we expect fewer than 50 active force generators throughout the embryo at any time during anaphase. Because the laser was focused at regions where the pericentriolar material and ␥-tubulin are localized, we expect a fraction of the centrosomal ␥-tubulin to be destroyed. Consequently, not all aster fragments contained detectable levels of ␥-tubulin. 31. Stray light from the pulsed ultraviolet (UV) laser used for OICD bleached the surrounding GFP–␣-tubulin. Therefore, UV laser power was reduced by about 70% to visualize fragment movement by GFP. With less laser power, we probably produced larger fragments with an increased drag coefficient. Thus, elementary speeds were smaller in the GFP assay than in the DIC assay. On the other hand, larger fragments have more force generators associated, consistent with the general increase in N for the GFP assay. 32. We thank C. for useful discussions, experimental assistance , and helpful comments. Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grant SPP 1111 (HY3/2-1). The subplate forms a transient circuit required for development of connections between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. When subplate neurons are ablated, ocular dominance columns do not form in the visual cortex despite the robust presence of thalamic axons in layer 4. We show that subplate ablation also prevents formation of orientation columns. Visual responses are weak and poorly tuned to orientation. Furthermore, thalamocortical synaptic transmission fails to strengthen, whereas intra-cortical synapses are unaffected. Thus, subplate circuits are essential not only for the anatomical segregation of thalamic inputs but also for key steps in synaptic remodeling and maturation needed to establish the functional architecture of visual cortex. Subplate neurons, located in the developing white matter (WM), are among the first postmitotic cortical neurons (1). They are also first to receive functional synaptic inputs from the thalamus; their axons relay this input into the cortical plate well in advance of the invasion of thalamic axons into layer …

Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 to S7 References Movies S1 to S7 Role of Subplate Neurons in Functional Maturation of Visual Cortical Columns

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