Hummingbird Territoriality at a Tropical Flowering Tree
Hummingbird Territoriality at a Tropical Flowering Tree
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蜂鸟在热带开花树上的领地性
DOI：
10.2307/4083791
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发表时间：
1970
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
L. L. Wolf
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
F. G. Stiles;L. L. Wolf
种间竞争通常是一种微妙的现象，必须经常推断，而不是直接观察。蜂鸟在鸟类中是不寻常的，因为食物的竞争经常表现为不同物种个体之间的公开攻击。许多种类的雄性蜂鸟会在觅食地捍卫领地，对抗所有其他蜂鸟，无论种类或性别如何。这些觅食区域通常以开花植物为中心，无论这些植物是生产昆虫，花蜜，还是两者兼而有之。领土被定义为一个空间有限的地点，其中居民限制使用环境资源（在这里，花蜜），以满足自己的需求（沃尔夫，1969年）。花在时间和空间上的分布可能会影响蜂鸟种内和种间竞争的结果。食物来源的密度和丰富程度可能会影响控制足够能源所需的最小领土面积。防御区的实际范围可能还取决于诸如树叶密度和展示栖息地的可用性等因素，这些因素会影响鸟类的广告，扫描和保卫其领土的能力。开花季节的长度和替代食物来源的可用性都将影响领土系统的持续时间和刚性（Wolf，19'70）。种间领域性可能导致较弱或攻击性较弱的物种被排除在食物来源之外，和/或在两个或更多竞争物种之间划分觅食区域。在文献中有许多关于蜂鸟排斥的例子（例如Bent，1940; Pitelka，1942; Skutch，1961）;通常的情况似乎是较大的物种驱逐较小的物种。觅食区的划分可以被看作是一种动态平衡，随着相关蜂鸟物种的相对数量和好斗性而变化。觅食习惯的小种间差异可能有助于或加强这种分区，特别是如果开花区是异质的。特别是，不同的进食高度偏好可能导致蜂鸟物种在开花树木中稳定分层。本文报道了蜂鸟Amazilia rutila，A. saucerottei和Phaeochroacuvierii在热带开花树，美洲格尼帕树，茜草科。它们是连续两年在同一地点制造的，而且大部分是在
INTERSPECIFIC competition is generally a subtle phenomenon that must often be inferred rather than observed directly. Hummingbirds are unusual among birds in that competition for food is frequently demonstrated by overt aggression between individuals of different species. Males of many species of hummingbirds defend territories at feeding sites against all other hummingbirds, regardless of species or sex. Such feeding territories typically center about flowering plants, whether these yield insects, nectar, or both. A territory is defined as a spatially limited site in which the resident restricts use of environmental resources (here, nectar) to satisfy its own requirements (Wolf, 1969). The distribution of flowers in time and space can be expected to influence the outcome of intraand interspecific competition among hummingbirds. The density and richness of food sources may affect the minimum territory size required to control sufficient energy resources. The actual extent of a defended area probably also depends on such factors as foliage density and the availability of display perches, which affect the bird's ability to advertise, scan, and defend its territory. Both the length of the blooming season and the availability of alternative food sources will influence the duration and rigidity of the territorial system (Wolf, 19'70). Interspecific territoriality may result in the exclusion of weaker or less aggressive species from the food source and/or in a partition of the feeding area between two or more competing species. Instances of exclusion in hummingbirds are numerous in the literature (e.g. Bent, 1940; Pitelka, 1942; Skutch, 1961); the usual situation appears to be for larger species to drive out smaller ones. Partitioning of a feeding area may be viewed as a dynamic equilibrium that varies with the relative numbers and pugnacity of the hummingbird species concerned. Small interspecific differences in foraging habits could contribute to or reinforce such a partitioning, especially if the flowering area is heterogeneous. In particular, different feeding height preferences could lead to a stable stratification of hummingbird species in flowering trees. This paper presents observations of territorial interactions of the hummingbirds Amazilia rutila, A. saucerottei, and Phaeochroa cuvierii at a tropical flowering tree, Genipa americana, of the Rubiaceae. They were made in 2 successive years at the same locality, and in large part at the