Genic Control of Development
Genic Control of Development
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发育的基因控制
DOI：
10.1353/pbm.1960.0009
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
Ernst Veith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ernst Veith
一、遗传学与胚胎学的关系遗传学在本世纪初诞生时，被认为与胚胎学密切相关。该领域的一些最重要的工作者，特别是动物学方面的，例如贝特森和摩根，以前曾研究过胚胎学问题。显然，人们期望对遗传的研究将产生有助于对发育过程有更深理解的信息。实际上，遗传学和胚胎学走向了相反的方向。遗传学变成了一门原子科学，它根据终极单位基因的行为来解释生物现象。因此，它必须提出有关这些单位的物理和化学性质的问题。基因的本质一直是遗传学的核心，在这个问题上的研究导致了过去十年的巨大胜利，彻底改变了我们的生物学概念。另一方面，胚胎学受到Spemarm和他的合作者发现的诱导现象的最深刻的影响，在过去的50年里，胚胎学主要关注于对器官原基和细胞复合体相互作用的分析，最近则关注于细胞复合体中细胞的行为。这种分析导致了weiss的“形态发生场”（morphogenetic field）和Stern的“预模式”（prepattern）等概念，这些概念指的是细胞复合物的特性，无法用基本实体来描述。基因决定了生物体之间的形态差异。由于在高等生物中，形态差异是发育过程差异的结果，这些过程一定是受遗传控制的。另一方面，基因是已知的活性成分
I. Relation ofGenetics and Embryology When genetics was born, at the beginning of this century, it was regarded as closely related to embryology. Some of the foremost workers in the field, particularly from the zoological side—Bateson and Morgan, for instance—-had previously worked on embryological problems. It was apparently expected that the study of heredity would yield information that would lead to a deeper understanding ofthe processes ofdevelopment. Actually, genetics and embryology went in opposite directions. Genetics became an atomistic science which interprets biological phenomena in terms of the behavior of ultimate units, the genes. It therefore must ask questions about the physical and chemical nature of these units. The nature of the gene has been the core of genetics, and work on this problem has led to the great triumphs of the last decade that have revolutionized our concepts ofbiology. Embryology, on the other hand, was most profoundly influenced by the discovery of the phenomenon of induction by Spemarm and his collaborators and has, during the last fifty years, been primarily concerned with the analysis of the mutual interaction oforgan primordia and cell complexes, and more recently with the behavior of cells in cell complexes. The analysis has led to concepts like the "morphogenetic field" ofWeiss and the "prepattern" of Stern, which refer to properties of cell complexes and cannot be described in terms of fundamental entities. Genes are responsible for morphological differences between organisms. Since in higher organisms morphological differences are the result ofdifferences in developmental processes, these processes must be under genetic control. The genes, on the other hand, are known to be active constituents