Optimism
Optimism
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
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发表时间：
2010-11-01
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Segerstrom, Suzanne C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carver, Charles S.;Scheier, Michael F.;Segerstrom, Suzanne C.
乐观是一种个体差异变量，它反映了人们对自身未来持有普遍积极预期的程度。在逆境或困难时期，较高水平的乐观前瞻性地与更好的主观幸福感相关（即控制先前的幸福感）。与这些发现一致的是，乐观与较高水平的积极应对以及较低水平的回避或消极应对相关联。有证据表明，乐观与采取积极措施保护自身健康有关，而悲观则与损害健康的行为有关。与这些发现一致的是，乐观也与更好的身体健康指标相关。乐观主义者对目标采取的充满活力、以任务为中心的方法在社会经济领域也有益处。一些证据表明，乐观与在教育努力中更具坚持性以及后来获得更高收入有关。在人际关系方面，乐观主义者似乎也比悲观主义者表现得更好。尽管存在一些乐观未能体现优势的情况，以及一些可能体现劣势的情况，但这些情况相对较少。总之，乐观主义者的行为模式似乎为他人提供了可供学习的生活模式。（c）2010爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Optimism is an individual difference variable that reflects the extent to which people hold generalized favorable expectancies for their future. Higher levels of optimism have been related prospectively to better subjective well-being in times of adversity or difficulty (i.e., controlling for previous well-being). Consistent with such findings, optimism has been linked to higher levels of engagement coping and lower levels of avoidance, or disengagement, coping. There is evidence that optimism is associated with taking proactive steps to protect one's health, whereas pessimism is associated with health-damaging behaviors. Consistent with such findings, optimism is also related to indicators of better physical health. The energetic, task-focused approach that optimists take to goals also relates to benefits in the socioeconomic world. Some evidence suggests that optimism relates to more persistence in educational efforts and to higher later income. Optimists also appear to fare better than pessimists in relationships. Although there are instances in which optimism fails to convey an advantage, and instances in which it may convey a disadvantage, those instances are relatively rare. In sum, the behavioral patterns of optimists appear to provide models of living for others to learn from. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.