Ecosystem science and human–environment interactions in the Hawaiian archipelago
Ecosystem science and human–environment interactions in the Hawaiian archipelago
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夏威夷群岛的生态系统科学和人类与环境的相互作用
DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01119.x
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发表时间：
2006
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
P. Vitousek
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Vitousek
1坦斯利的生态系统概念仍然是生态学研究的重要框架，部分原因是该方法促进了对生态系统的跨学科分析。2夏威夷群岛的特点--特别是控制其他地方生态系统差异的许多因素的近乎正交的变化--使该群岛成为跨学科研究的有用模式系统，旨在了解对生态系统状态和动态的基本控制及其对人类社会的影响。3对分布在夏威夷群岛从约300年到400多万年的基质年龄梯度上的热带雨林遗址的分析表明，钙和其他基本阳离子的来源从年轻遗址中80%的岩石来源转移到10万年以上基质上的海洋气溶胶。来自岩石的磷在生态系统中保留的时间更长，但最终来自亚洲的大陆尘埃的长途运输成为磷的最重要来源。4从低养分有效性到树木有效利用资源以减缓分解和养分再生的生物地球化学反馈，加剧了最古老地点低磷有效性和磷限制对净初级生产力的地球化学驱动模式。5整个群岛的生态系统生物地球化学的变化塑造了波利尼西亚农业系统的发展和可持续性，从他们发现Hawai‘i到欧洲人的接触之间的千年。灌溉的池田主要局限于较老岛屿上的溪谷，而雨水灌溉的旱地系统占据了较年轻岛屿上肥沃、灌溉良好的土壤的狭窄区域。6对于分析人类对生态系统的影响，生态系统办法往往是最适当的组织层次；它可以在设计和分析可减少人类在地球上足迹的替代农业、工业和居住系统方面发挥中心作用。
1 Tansley's ecosystem concept remains a vital framework for ecological research in part because the approach facilitates interdisciplinary analyses of ecological systems. 2 Features of the Hawaiian Islands – particularly the nearly orthogonal variation in many of the factors that control variation among ecosystems elsewhere – make the archipelago a useful model system for interdisciplinary research designed to understand fundamental controls on the state and dynamics of ecosystems, and their consequences for human societies. 3 Analyses of rain forest sites arrayed on a substrate age gradient from c. 300 years to over 4 million years across the Hawaiian archipelago demonstrate that the sources of calcium and other essential cations shift from > 80% rock‐derived in young sites to > 80% derived from marine aerosol on substrates older than 100 000 years. Rock‐derived phosphorus is retained longer within ecosystems, but eventually long‐distance transport of continental dust from Asia becomes the most important source of phosphorus. 4 A biogeochemical feedback from low nutrient availability to efficient resource use by trees to slow decomposition and nutrient regeneration accentuates the geochemically driven pattern of low phosphorus availability and phosphorus limitation to net primary productivity in the oldest site. 5 Variations in ecosystem biogeochemistry across the archipelago shaped the development and sustainability of Polynesian agricultural systems in the millennium between their discovery of Hawai’i and contact by Europeans. Irrigated pondfields were largely confined to stream valleys on the older islands, while rain‐fed dryland systems occupied a narrow zone of fertile, well‐watered soils on the younger islands. 6 The ecosystem approach often represents the most appropriate level of organization for analyses of human influences on ecological systems; it can play a central role in the design and analysis of alternative agricultural, industrial and residential systems that could reduce the human footprint on the Earth.