Cytokine and chemokine release upon prolonged mechanical loading of the epidermis
Cytokine and chemokine release upon prolonged mechanical loading of the epidermis
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00566.x
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发表时间：
2007-07-01
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Bouten, Catlijin V. C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bronneberg, Debbie;Spiekstra, Sander W.;Bouten, Catlijin V. C.
目前，压疮风险评估主要是主观的措施，并不能令人满意地预测压疮的发展。因此，需要采取客观措施，以便及早发现这些溃疡。目前的体外研究评价了细胞因子和趋化因子[白细胞介素1 α（IL-1 α）、白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂（IL-1 RA）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素8（CXCL 8/IL-8）]作为机械诱导表皮损伤的早期标志物。通过使用加载装置使市售的表皮等同物（EpiDerm）经受增加的压力（0、50、75、100、150和200 mmHg）24小时来诱导不同程度的表皮损伤。在加载实验结束时，通过组织学检查和通过评价细胞膜完整性来评估组织损伤。在培养上清液中测定细胞因子和趋化因子。持续的表皮负荷导致IL-1 α、IL-1 RA、TNF-α和CXCL 8/IL-8的释放增加。这首先在75 mmHg下观察到，此时组织仅轻微受损。在高于75 mmHg的压力下观察到肿胀细胞、空泡、坏死和受影响的细胞膜。此外，在150和200 mmHg下，表皮下部的细胞受到严重挤压。总之，IL-1 α、IL-1 RA、TNF-α和CXCL 8/IL-8在体外释放是表皮持续机械负荷的结果。细胞因子和趋化因子的第一次增加是在表皮组织仅轻微受损时观察到的。因此，这些细胞因子和趋化因子是客观的、早期检测机械诱导的皮肤损伤（如压疮）的潜在标志物。
At this moment, pressure ulcer risk assessment is dominated by subjective measures and does not predict pressure ulcer development satisfactorily. Objective measures are, therefore, needed for an early detection of these ulcers. The current in vitro study evaluates cytokines and chemokines [interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 8 (CXCL8/IL-8)] as early markers for mechanically-induced epidermal damage. Various degrees of epidermal damage were induced by subjecting commercially available epidermal equivalents (EpiDerm) to increasing pressures (0, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mmHg) for 24 h, using a loading device. At the end of the loading experiment, tissue damage was assessed by histological examination and by evaluation of the cell membrane integrity. Cytokines and chemokines were determined in the culture supernatant. Sustained epidermal loading resulted in an increased release of IL-1 alpha, IL-1RA, TNF-alpha and CXCL8/IL-8. This was first observed at 75 mmHg, when the tissue was only slightly damaged. Swollen cells, vacuoles, necrosis and affected cell membranes were observed at pressures higher than 75 mmHg. Furthermore, at 150 and 200 mmHg, the cells in the lower part of the epidermis were severely compressed. In conclusion, IL-1 alpha, IL-1RA, TNF-alpha and CXCL8/IL-8 are released in vitro as a result of sustained mechanical loading of the epidermis. The first increase in cytokines and chemokines was observed when the epidermal tissue was only slightly damaged. Therefore, these cytokines and chemokines are potential markers for the objective, early detection of mechanically-induced skin damage, such as pressure ulcers.