EVIDENCE FOR THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING
EVIDENCE FOR THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING
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DOI：
10.3758/bf03205241
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发表时间：
1990-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
RESCORLA, RA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
COLWILL, RM;RESCORLA, RA
在三个实验中，使用大鼠，我们研究了在食欲工具性学习范式中的反应（R）和结果（O）之间的关系的区别性刺激（S）的作用。在每一个实验中，我们试图区分一个简单的S-O关联和一个等级关系，其中S与R-O关联。我们使用了三种不同的区别训练程序和三种不同的评估技术来揭示层次结构。在实验1中，我们采用了一个训练过程，其中S表示R-O关系的变化，但O的可能性没有变化。虽然这样的安排不应该产生兴奋性的S-O关联，但它仍然产生了控制反应的S，并将这种控制转移到其他反应。在实验2中，我们使用了一个辨别程序，其中两个S各自具有相同的两个R和O，但每个S都表示不同的R-O组合将有效。这种设计为S、R和O之间的等价成对关联提供了机会，但具有独特的层次关系。受试者学习了等级结构，这一点可以通过以下实验来揭示：氯化锂诱导的O贬值对只有在S存在的情况下才能做出反应的特定抑郁效应，而S的反应导致了这种结果。在实验3中，一个S信号两个不同的R-O结果。然后，两个新的刺激与原来的S; R-O关系的存在下，保留了一个添加的刺激，但在另一个的存在下重新安排。当附加的S在R-O关系中是多余的时候，它控制的反应比它提供信息的时候要少。虽然所有的结果都是适度的大小，每个都有一个替代的解释，他们提供了一致的证据，在控制R-O协会的等级作用的S。
In three experiments using rats, we examined the role of a discriminative stimulus (S) in governing the relation between a response (R) and an outcome (O) in an appetitive instrumental learning paradigm. In each experiment, we attempted to distinguish between a simple S-O association and a hierarchical relation in which S is associated with the R-O association. We used three variations on discriminative training procedures and three different assessment techniques for revealing the hierarchical structure. In Experiment 1, we employed a training procedure in which S signaled a change in the R-O relation but no change in the likelihood of O. Although such an arrangement should not produce an excitatory S-O association, it nevertheless generated an S that controlled responding and transferred that control to other responses. In Experiment 2, we used a discrimination procedure in which two Ss each had the same two Rs and Os occur in their presence but each S signaled that a different R-O combination would be in effect. This design provided the opportunity for equivalent pairwise associations among S, R, and O but unique hierarchical relations. The subjects learned the hierarchical structure, as revealed by the specific depressive effect of a subsequent lithium-chloride-induced devaluation of O on responding only in the presence of the S in which that response had led to that outcome. In Experiment 3, one S signaled two different R-O outcomes. Then, two new stimuli were presented with the original S; the R-O relations were retained in the presence of one of the added stimuli but were rearranged in the presence of the other. The added S came to control less responding when it was redundant with respect to the R-O relations than when it was informative. Although all of the results were of modest size and each has an alternative interpretation, together they provide converging evidence for the hierarchical role of S in controlling an R-O association.