Causes of Culture: National Differences in Cultural Embeddedness
Causes of Culture: National Differences in Cultural Embeddedness
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文化的成因：文化嵌入的国家差异
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
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通讯作者：
S. Schwartz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Schwartz
是什么造成了民族文化差异？过去回答这个问题的尝试没有充分考虑到文化变化的缓慢程度，或者文化本身影响被确定为原因的社会结构、政治和人口变量的事实。文化差异的令人信服的原因必须满足三个标准：它们应该反映社会形成的历史经验，它们不应该受到文化的相互影响，并且理论上合理的过程应该解释它们对文化的影响。我提出并解释了文化嵌入中国家差异的原因，文化嵌入是一种价值取向，呼吁人们通过认同自己的群体、参与其共同的生活方式并努力实现其共同的目标来寻找生活的意义。对 77 个文化群体（74 个国家）的数据分析表明，在种族异质社会中，文化嵌入性更大，可行的国家机构历史相对较短，历史上占主导地位的宗教是伊斯兰教，而不是新教或罗马天主教。这些因果发现并不是由于文化传播到附近国家或殖民地造成的。即使在预测世界八个地区或东欧和西欧内部的文化嵌入差异时，它们也是成立的。这项研究可以成为调查国家和其他群体之间各种文化差异的原因的模型。
What causes national differences in culture? Past attempts to answer this question take insufficient account of how slowly culture changes or of the fact that culture itself influences the social structural, political, and demographic variables identified as causes. Convincing causes of cultural differences must meet three criteria: They should reflect the formative historical experiences of societies, they should not be influenced reciprocally by culture, and theoretically plausible process should explain their impact on culture. I propose and explain causes of national differences in cultural embeddedness, a value orientation that calls upon people to find meaning in life through identifying with their in-group, participating in its shared way of life, and striving toward its shared goals. Analyses of data from 77 cultural groups (74 countries) demonstrate that cultural embeddedness is greater in ethnically heterogeneous societies, with a relatively short history of viable state institutions, whose historically dominant religion was Islam rather than Protestantism or Roman Catholicism. These causal findings are not due to diffusion of culture to nearby countries or colonies. They hold up even when predicting differences in cultural embeddedness among eight world regions or within Eastern and within Western Europe. This research can be a model for investigating causes of various cultural differences among nations and other groups.