Perchlorate exposure of the US population, 2001-2002
Perchlorate exposure of the US population, 2001-2002
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/sj.jes.7500535
复制
发表时间：
2007-07-01
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Pirkle, James L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blount, Benjamin C.;Valentin-Blasini, Liza;Pirkle, James L.
高氯酸盐常见于环境中，在药理剂量下会损害甲状腺功能。由于人类可能广泛接触这种生物活性化学物质，我们在 2001 年和 2002 年期间评估了 2820 名 6 岁及以上美国居民的全国代表性人群的高氯酸盐暴露情况，作为国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 的一部分。我们在所有 2820 个尿液样本中检测到高氯酸盐含量（> 0.05 μg/l），表明人类广泛接触高氯酸盐。尿液高氯酸盐水平呈对数正态分布，中位数为 3.6 μg/l（3.38 μg/g 肌酐），第 95 个百分位数为 14 μg/l（12.7 μg/g 肌酐）。当根据年龄、禁食、性别和种族调整尿高氯酸盐水平的几何平均值时，我们发现儿童尿高氯酸盐水平明显高于青少年和成人。我们根据尿高氯酸盐、尿肌酐浓度和预测肌酐排泄率的生理参数估计了每个成年人（20 岁及以上）的每日高氯酸盐总剂量。成人中每日高氯酸盐剂量估计分布的第 95 个百分位为 0.234 微克/公斤-天 [CI 0.202-0.268 微克/公斤-天]，低于 EPA 参考剂量（0.7 微克/公斤-天），该剂量估计在一生的暴露期间不会产生明显的不良影响风险。这些数据首次对美国高氯酸盐暴露的程度和流行率进行了基于人群的评估。
Perchlorate is commonly found in the environment and can impair thyroid function at pharmacological doses. As a result of the potential for widespread human exposure to this biologically active chemical, we assessed perchlorate exposure in a nationally representative population of 2820 US residents, ages 6 years and older, during 2001 and 2002 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES). We found detectable levels of perchlorate ( > 0.05 mu g/l) in all 2820 urine samples tested, indicating widespread human exposure to perchlorate. Urinary perchlorate levels were distributed in a log normal fashion with a median of 3.6 mu g/l (3.38 mu g/g creatinine) and a 95th percentile of 14 mu g/l (12.7 mu g/g creatinine). When geometric means of urinary perchlorate levels were adjusted for age, fasting, sex and race-ethnicity, we found significantly higher levels of urinary perchlorate in children compared with adolescents and adults. We estimated total daily perchlorate dose for each adult ( ages 20 years and older), based on urinary perchlorate, urinary creatinine concentration and physiological parameters predictive of creatinine excretion rate. The 95th percentile of the distribution of estimated daily perchlorate doses in the adult population was 0.234 mu g/kg-day [CI 0.202-0.268 mu g/kg-day] and is below the EPA reference dose (0.7 mu g/ kg-day), a dose estimated to be without appreciable risk of adverse effects during a lifetime of exposure. These data provide the first population-based assessment of the magnitude and prevalence of perchlorate exposure in the US.