Central Intermittency Twenty Years Later *
Central Intermittency Twenty Years Later *
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二十年后的中枢间歇性 *
DOI：
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发表时间：
1966
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
P. Bertelson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Bertelson
再过几天，剑桥大学圣约翰学院院士、医学研究委员会应用心理学研究小组首任主任肯尼斯·克雷克在一次街头事故中丧生，年仅31岁，距今正好20周年。在剑桥度过的8年里，他为我们展示了一个具有非凡才能的人在特殊环境中所能取得的成就。弗雷德里克·巴特利特爵士（Frederic Bartlett）以一种只有在共同努力中密切合作才能提供的方式了解他，他向我们展示了他不屈不挠的能量，他对知识的健康渴望，他的机械发明与对基本问题的热情（巴特利特，1946）。我们这一代的男人只能看到他的影响，不仅是通过他发表的几篇文章，而且还通过他对剑桥大学关于人类技能的应用和基础研究的直接推动。这节课的目的是研究迄今为止由Craik提出的最有影响力的观点之一的发展，即人类感觉运动活动的间歇性。克雷克在1945年3月和4月写了两篇简短的论文，提出了这一假设，大概是为了有限的流通和讨论，而不是为了出版，这两篇论文在克雷克死后以“控制系统中的人类操作员理论”（Craik, 1947, 1948）的标题发表。这些论文主要关注的是跟踪性能，这是克雷克和他的同事在战争期间所做的部分应用工作的重点。许多实际活动，如驾驶车辆，或用步枪或枪瞄准移动的物体，都有一个共同的特点，即操作人员的职能是不断地减少目标和他控制的情况部分（指针）之间的差异，而外部因素导致目标或指针移动，因此往往会增加差异。许多具有相同特征的实验室任务是可用的。克雷克使用的早期版本包括一个烟熏鼓测速仪，被测者只能通过屏幕上的一条缝看到一条有限的线，当指针从缝后面经过时，他必须保持在线上。克雷克在这种情况下应用了源自伺服机构理论的概念。他的主要论点是，人的行为基本上就像一个间歇性的校正伺服器。这意味着，即使过程中的变化是连续的，也只能以离散的间隔进行修正。它与连续伺服相反，连续伺服在每个时刻根据之前有限时间间隔（称为时滞）观察到的差异来调整其响应。
In a few days, it will be exactly 20 years since Kenneth Craik, Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, and first Director of the Medical Research Council’s Applied Psychology Research Unit, was killed in a street accident, at the age of 31. During the 8 years he had spent in Cambridge, he had offered the most striking example of what a man of exceptional ability can achieve when placed in an esceptional environment. Sir Frederic Bartlett, who knew him in the way that only close co-operation in a common effort can provide, has given us an outstanding picture of his indomitable energy, of his healthy appetite for knowledge, of his mechanical inventiveness paired with the passion for fundamental iSsues (Bartlett, 1946). The men of my generation can only watch the influence he has had, not only through his few published writings, but also through the direct impetus he gave to Cambridge research, both applied and fundamental, on human skill. The objective of this lecture will be to examine the developments up to now of one of the most influential ideas launched by Craik, the idea of intermittency in human sensory-motor activity. This hypothesis was developed in two short papers, intended presumably for limited circulation and discussion rather than for publication, which Craik had written in March and April, 1945, and which were published posthumously under the title “Theory of the human operator in control systems” (Craik, 1947, 1948). The papers were concerned mainly with tracking performance on which a part of the applied work done by Craik and his associates during the war had been concentrated. A feature which is common to many practical activities such as driving a vehicle, or aiming with a rifle or a gun at a moving object, is that the function of the operator is constantly to minimize the discrepancy between a target and the part of the situation he controls-the pointer-while an external factor causes either the target or the pointer to move, and so tends to increase the discrepancy. A number of laboratory tasks presenting the same characteristics are available. The early versions used by Craik consisted of a smoked drum kymograph, with a line of which the subject saw only a limited portion through a slit in a screen, and a pointer which he had to keep on the line while this was passing behind the slit. Craik was applying to this situation concepts derived from the theory of servomechanisms. His main thesis was that man behaves basically as a n intermittent correction servo. This means that, even when the changes in the course are continuous, corrections are made at discrete intervals only. It is opposite to a continuous servo, which at each moment adjusts its response as a function of the discrepancy observed a finite time interval (called the time-lag) before.