The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond
The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond
复制标题
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0705329104
复制
发表时间：
2007-11-20
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Worobey, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gilbert, M. Thomas P.;Rambaut, Andrew;Worobey, Michael
HIV-1 M组B亚型是第一个被发现的艾滋病毒，是撒哈拉以南非洲以外大多数国家艾滋病病毒的主要变体。然而，其起源和出现的情况仍未得到解决。在这里，我们提出了一个地理序列和时间线的起源亚型B和出现在非洲大流行的艾滋病毒/艾滋病。利用从一些已知最早的海地艾滋病患者的档案样本中恢复的HIV-1基因序列，我们发现B亚型可能在1966年左右（1962-1970年）从非洲转移到海地，然后在那里传播了几年，然后成功地扩散到其他地方。在1969年（1966-1972年）前后，该病毒从海地一次迁移之后，一个“大流行”分支出现了，它包括了美国和世界其他地方绝大多数非海地乙型亚型感染。海地似乎是撒哈拉以南非洲以外最古老的艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行地区，也是基因最多样化的B亚型流行病，这可能对艾滋病毒-1疫苗的设计和测试构成挑战。大流行亚型B的出现是艾滋病历史上的一个重要转折点，但它的传播可能是由生态因素而不是进化因素驱动的。我们的研究结果表明，在1981年艾滋病被确认之前，HIV-1在美国秘密传播了大约12年。
HIV-1 group M subtype B was the first HIV discovered and is the predominant variant of AIDS virus in most countries outside of sub-Saharan Africa. However, the circumstances of its origin and emergence remain unresolved. Here we propose a geographic sequence and time line for the origin of subtype B and the emergence of pandemic HIV/AIDS out of Africa. Using HIV-1 gene sequences recovered from archival samples from some of the earliest known Haitian AIDS patients, we find that subtype B likely moved from Africa to Haiti in or around 1966 (1962-1970) and then spread there for some years before successfully dispersing elsewhere. A "pandemic" clade, encompassing the vast majority of non-Haitian subtype B infections in the United States and elsewhere around the world, subsequently emerged after a single migration of the virus out of Haiti in or around 1969 (1966-1972). Haiti appears to have the oldest HIV/AIDS epidemic outside sub-Saharan Africa and the most genetically diverse subtype B epidemic, which might present challenges for HIV-1 vaccine design and testing. The emergence of the pandemic variant of subtype B was an important turning point in the history of AIDS, but its spread was likely driven by ecological rather than evolutionary factors. Our results suggest that HIV-1 circulated cryptically in the United States for approximate to 12 years before the recognition of AIDS in 1981.