Black Gold, White Power: Mapping Oil, Real Estate, and Racial Segregation in the Los Angeles Basin, 1900-1939
Black Gold, White Power: Mapping Oil, Real Estate, and Racial Segregation in the Los Angeles Basin, 1900-1939
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DOI：
10.17351/ests2018.212
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Cumming, Daniel G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cumming, Daniel G.
1923年，南加州生产了世界上20%以上的石油。从1892年到20世纪30年代，作为石油繁荣的中心，洛杉矶发展成为美国第五大城市。在这一热潮结束时，它也成为该国种族隔离最严重的城市之一。历史学家忽视了开采石油的实业家与真实的房地产开发商之间的关系，即通过“红线”地图和抵押贷款来编纂种族主义的房地产市场。虽然红线通常被理解为一个横向领土的问题，本文认为，地下地图的位置和地下油田的体积，特别是在承保城市种族隔离的关键技术。测绘技术将石油开采与限制性产权联系起来，将石油作为一种资源进行建设，并垂直设计一个种族化的住房市场。通过关注石油工业化与种族隔离主义住房的联系，本文揭示了洛杉矶资源开发和种族资本主义历史上未经审查的一章。此外，它有助于越来越多的文献对资源的社会生产，采掘技术和政治排斥，以及国家和公司使用的技术科学实践，以挖掘地下，而建设大都市的不平等地上。
In 1923, Southern California produced over twenty percent of the world's oil. At the epicenter of an oil boom from 1892 to the 1930s, Los Angeles grew into the nation's fifth largest city. By the end of the rush, it had also become one of the most racially segregated cities in the country. Historians have overlooked the relationship between industrialists drilling for oil and real estate developers codifying a racist housing market, namely through "redlining" maps and mortgage lending. While redlining is typically understood as a problem of horizontal territory, this paper argues that the mapping of the underground-the location and volume of subterranean oil fields, in particular-was a crucial technique in underwriting urban apartheid. Mapping technologies linked oil exploitation with restrictive property rights, constructing oil as a resource and vertically engineering a racialized housing market. By focusing on petro-industrialization interlocked with segregationist housing, this article reveals an unexamined chapter in Los Angeles's history of resource exploitation and racial capitalism. Moreover, it contributes to a growing literature on the social production of resources, extractive technology and political exclusion, and the technoscientific practices used by states and corporations to mine the underground while constructing metropolitan inequality above ground.