Short�?Time Work Benefits Revisited: Some Lessons from the Great Recession
Short�?Time Work Benefits Revisited: Some Lessons from the Great Recession
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重新审视短期工作福利：大衰退的一些教训
DOI：
10.1111/j.1468-0327.2011.271.x
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Herbert Bruecker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Boeri;Herbert Bruecker
大衰退引发了整个经合组织内短时工作（STW）的复苏。一些国家从头开始引入 STW 或显着扩大了现有计划的范围。在意大利、日本和德国等一些国家，2.5%至5%的劳动力在经济衰退低谷时参加了短期工作计划。在本文中，我们从跨国和时间序列的角度分析了短期工作福利的基本原理及其对劳动力调整的影响。我们发现 STW 实际上有助于减少大衰退期间的失业。然而，根据我们的宏观经济估计，所节省的就业岗位数量小于这些计划所涉及的全职工作岗位数量，这在某些情况下表明无谓成本相当大。其他机构，如针对工时、工资和就业水平的工厂级讨价还价可能比 STW 更有效地鼓励在出现暂时冲击时沿集约利润进行调整。我们的研究结果还表明，STW 不能轻易扩展到制度配置差异很大的国家，因为 STW 的需求很大程度上受到其他制度的影响，例如就业保护立法和集体谈判的集中程度。德国企业层面数据的微观证据对于 STW 的有效性更加令人鼓舞，表明无谓损失相当温和。我们将这一结果解释为德国 STW 的特定设计特征，这些特征可以使其更有效地解决与依赖补贴工时减少相关的道德风险问题。德国的 Kurzarbeit 计划确实不鼓励 100% 的工时减少，并且是按经验评级的。
The Great Recession triggered a resurgence of short-time work (STW) throughout the OECD. Several countries introduced from scratch STW or significantly expanded the scope of the programmes already in place. In some countries like Italy, Japan and Germany between 2.5 and 5 per cent of the workforce participated in short-time work schemes at the trough of the recession. In this paper we analyse the rationale for short time work benefits and their effects on labour adjustment from both a cross-country and a time-series perspective. We find that STW actually contributed to reduce job losses during the Great Recession. However, the number of jobs saved, according to our macroeconomic estimates, is smaller than the full-time equivalents jobs involved by these programmes, pointing in some cases to sizeable deadweight costs. Other institutions, like plant-level bargaining over hours, wages and employment levels may be more effective than STW in encouraging adjustment along the intensive margins in presence of temporary shocks. Our results also suggest that STW cannot be readily extended to countries having much different institutional configurations as the demand for STW is very much affected by other institutions such as employment protection legislation and the degree of centralization of collective bargaining. The micro evidence from firm-level data in Germany is more encouraging as to the effectiveness of STW, pointing to rather moderate deadweight losses. We interpret this result as due to specific design features of the German STW that could make it more effective in addressing the moral hazard problems related to reliance on subsidised hour reductions. The German Kurzarbeit scheme is indeed discouraging 100 per cent hours reductions and is experience-rated.