Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines.
Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines.
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DOI：
10.3390/toxins15090563
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发表时间：
2023-09-08
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Pellett S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gupta S;Pellett S
疫苗是预防人类病原体引起的疾病的最有效策略之一。最早的疫苗是以低剂量的活病原体或相关病原体为基础的活疫苗，这些病原体具有相对较高的发病风险，它们本应预防这种疾病。采用减毒和灭活病原体作为疫苗大大降低了这些风险；然而，减毒活疫苗仍有可能逆转为能够致病的致病毒株。重组蛋白或亚单位疫苗完全消除了这种风险，它们是毒性和非传染性的。然而，这些疫苗需要佐剂，通常需要显著的优化来诱导强大的t细胞反应和持久的免疫记忆。一些病原体产生蛋白质毒素，引起或促成疾病。为了防止这些毒素的影响，化学灭活的类毒素疫苗已被发现是有效的。今天，类毒素疫苗已成功地在全球范围内用于预防破伤风和白喉。类毒素疫苗的最新发展正在研究利用突变的重组蛋白毒素来消除生物活性的可能性，而不是化学灭活的毒素。最后，最现代的疫苗设计方法之一是利用信使RNA （mRNA）作为候选疫苗。这种方法在2019年开始的COVID-19大流行期间在全球范围内用于预防冠状病毒疾病，因为它具有快速生产和扩大规模以及有效引发中和抗体反应的优点。然而，mRNA疫苗需要专门的储存和运输条件，这对低收入和中等收入国家构成了挑战。在多种可用的疫苗设计和配方技术中，哪种技术最合适？这篇综述的重点是在利用各种疫苗技术方面取得的重大进展，重点是针对细菌毒素的疫苗。我们描述了疫苗技术的进步，以及对病原体-宿主相互作用的更深入了解，如何为开发新的和改进的疫苗提供令人兴奋和有希望的途径。
Vaccines are one of the most effective strategies to prevent pathogen-induced illness in humans. The earliest vaccines were based on live inoculations with low doses of live or related pathogens, which carried a relatively high risk of developing the disease they were meant to prevent. The introduction of attenuated and killed pathogens as vaccines dramatically reduced these risks; however, attenuated live vaccines still carry a risk of reversion to a pathogenic strain capable of causing disease. This risk is completely eliminated with recombinant protein or subunit vaccines, which are atoxic and non-infectious. However, these vaccines require adjuvants and often significant optimization to induce robust T-cell responses and long-lasting immune memory. Some pathogens produce protein toxins that cause or contribute to disease. To protect against the effects of such toxins, chemically inactivated toxoid vaccines have been found to be effective. Toxoid vaccines are successfully used today at a global scale to protect against tetanus and diphtheria. Recent developments for toxoid vaccines are investigating the possibilities of utilizing recombinant protein toxins mutated to eliminate biologic activity instead of chemically inactivated toxins. Finally, one of the most contemporary approaches toward vaccine design utilizes messenger RNA (mRNA) as a vaccine candidate. This approach was used globally to protect against coronavirus disease during the COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2019, due to its advantages of quick production and scale-up, and effectiveness in eliciting a neutralizing antibody response. Nonetheless, mRNA vaccines require specialized storage and transport conditions, posing challenges for low- and middle-income countries. Among multiple available technologies for vaccine design and formulation, which technology is most appropriate? This review focuses on the considerable developments that have been made in utilizing diverse vaccine technologies with a focus on vaccines targeting bacterial toxins. We describe how advancements in vaccine technology, combined with a deeper understanding of pathogen–host interactions, offer exciting and promising avenues for the development of new and improved vaccines.
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