Paleomicrobiology of Human Tuberculosis
Paleomicrobiology of Human Tuberculosis
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DOI：
10.1128/microbiolspec.poh-0003-2014
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发表时间：
2016-08-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Donoghue, Helen D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Donoghue, Helen D.
结核病是当今一种重要的全球性疾病，因此了解其起源和历史非常重要。它主要是一种肺部感染，通过传染性气溶胶在人与人之间传播，因此高人口密度促进了它的传播。致病菌是结核分枝杆菌，它是结核分枝杆菌复合体中的专性病原体，也包含密切相关的物种，如牛分枝杆菌，主要感染动物。在未经治疗的感染中，约5%发生典型的骨损伤。这些可以在历史和考古材料中识别，以及非特异性古病理学，如新骨形成（骨膜炎），特别是在肋骨上。根据这些病变，在古埃及、前哥伦布时期的美洲和新石器时代的欧洲都发现了结核病。利用PCR技术检测结核分枝杆菌古DNA (aDNA)，开辟了古微生物学研究的新领域。结果，大量的结核病病例在木乃伊组织和骨骼中被识别为非特异性或无病变。与此同时，结核分枝杆菌细胞壁脂质生物标志物已经通过古病理学和确认的dna发现检测到结核病。在保存完好的病例中，分子分型已经确定了结核分枝杆菌的谱系和基因型。目前对靶向富集、鸟枪测序和宏基因组分析的兴趣揭示了不同结核分枝杆菌菌株和其他病原体的古代混合感染。从已知年龄的样本中鉴定结核分枝杆菌谱系，可以直接计算菌株和谱系出现的日期，而不是通过对进化变化率的假设。
Tuberculosis is a significant global disease today, so understanding its origins and history is important. It is primarily a lung infection and is transmitted by infectious aerosols from person to person, so a high population density encourages its spread. The causative organism is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an obligate pathogen in the M. tuberculosis complex that also contains closely related species, such as Mycobacterium bovis, that primarily infect animals. Typical bone lesions occur in about 5% of untreated infections. These can be recognized in historical and archaeological material, along with nonspecific paleopathology such as new bone formation (periostitis), especially on ribs. Based on such lesions, tuberculosis has been found in ancient Egypt, pre-Columbian America, and Neolithic Europe. The detection of M. tuberculosis ancient DNA (aDNA) by using PCR led to the development of the new field of paleomicrobiology. As a result, a large number of tuberculosis cases were recognized in mummified tissue and bones with nonspecific or no lesions. In parallel with these developments, M. tuberculosis cell wall lipid biomarkers have detected tuberculosis suggested by paleopathology and confirmed aDNA findings. In well-preserved cases, molecular typing has identified M. tuberculosis lineages and genotypes. The current interest in targeted enrichment, shotgun sequencing, and metagenomic analysis reveals ancient mixed infections with different M. tuberculosis strains and other pathogens. Identification of M. tuberculosis lineages from samples of known age enables the date of the emergence of strains and lineages to be calculated directly rather than by making assumptions on the rate of evolutionary change.