Disease associations between honeybees and bumblebees as a threat to wild pollinators.
Disease associations between honeybees and bumblebees as a threat to wild pollinators.
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新出现的传染病通过影响提供宝贵资源和生态系统服务（如作物授粉）的受管理牲畜和野生动物，直接和间接地对人类福祉构成风险。蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）是受管理的昆虫作物授粉者，其遭受一系列新兴和外来的高影响病原体的侵害，并且种群维持需要养蜂人进行积极管理以控制它们。野生传粉者，如熊蜂（熊蜂属）在全球范围内都在下降，其中一个原因可能是病原体从蜜蜂或商业蜂群等受管理的传粉者中溢出。在我们的研究中，结合感染实验与景观规模的现场数据表明，蜜蜂EID确实是广泛的传染媒介内的传粉者组合。蜜蜂和熊蜂之间的畸形翅病毒（DWV）和外来微孢子虫的流行是联系在一起的，蜜蜂有较高的DWV流行率，同域熊蜂和蜜蜂共享DWV菌株;因此，蜜蜂可能是野生传粉者中至少一个主要EID的来源。从脊椎动物吸取的经验教训强调，需要加强病原体控制管理蜜蜂物种，以保持野生传粉者，因为本地传粉者的下降可能是由种间病原体传播管理传粉者。
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose a risk to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, by affecting managed livestock and wildlife that provide valuable resources and ecosystem services, such as the pollination of crops. Honey bees (Apis mellifera), the prevailing managed insect crop pollinator, suffer from a range of emerging and exotic high impact pathogens and population maintenance requires active management by beekeepers to control them. Wild pollinators such as bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are in global decline, one cause of which may be pathogen spillover from managed pollinators like honey bees or commercial colonies of bumble bees. In our study, a combination of infection experiments with landscape scale field data indicates that honey bee EIDs are indeed widespread infectious agents within the pollinator assemblage. The prevalence of deformed wing virus (DWV) and the exotic Nosema ceranae is linked between honey bees and bumble bees, with honey bees having higher DWV prevalence, and sympatric bumble bees and honey bees sharing DWV strains; Apis is therefore the likely source of at least one major EID in wild pollinators. Lessons learned from vertebrates highlight the need for increased pathogen control in managed bee species to maintain wild pollinators, as declines in native pollinators may be caused by interspecies pathogen transmission originating from managed pollinators.