Ancient genomes reveal tropical bovid species in the Tibetan Plateau contributed to the prevalence of hunting game until the late Neolithic.
Ancient genomes reveal tropical bovid species in the Tibetan Plateau contributed to the prevalence of hunting game until the late Neolithic.
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古代基因组揭示了青藏高原的热带牛科动物物种促成了新石器时代晚期狩猎游戏的盛行
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2011696117
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发表时间：
2020-11-10
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Zhang X
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chen N;Ren L;Du L;Hou J;Mullin VE;Wu D;Zhao X;Li C;Huang J;Qi X;Capodiferro MR;Achilli A;Lei C;Chen F;Su B;Dong G;Zhang X
我们对青藏高原距今15200年的大型动物遗骸进行了古基因组DNA调查。我们提供了令人信服的证据，证明现今低纬度的热带居民Bos gaurus和Dicerorhinus sumatrensis在新石器时代晚期曾经漫游到青藏高原东北部（NETP）的边缘，将历史上的野牛分布从北纬129度推到北纬134度。进一步的多学科研究表明，新石器时代晚期夏季的高温可能促进了这些热带动物向北扩展到NETP，丰富了野生动物的生物多样性，并有助于探索青藏高原作为东亚最后的狩猎栖息地之一。当地野生牛科动物已被确定为青藏高原东北部（NETP）的重要猎物，狩猎游戏是一种主要的生存策略，直到新石器时代晚期，当时农业生活方式在邻近的黄土高原占主导地位。然而，这些史前野生牛科动物在史前NETP的物种隶属关系和种群生态仍然未知。古DNA（aDNA）分析是高度信息解码这个难题。在这里，我们对位于NETP边缘地区的Shannashuzha新石器时代遗址中距今15200年的牛科动物和犀牛碎片标本进行了DNA分析。利用全基因组和线粒体DNA，我们的研究结果表明，在新石器时代晚期，现代热带野牛（Bos gaurus）的分布范围向北延伸到NETP的边缘，从北纬129 °到北纬134 °。此外，与动物考古学和古气候证据的比较分析表明，新石器时代晚期夏季的高温可能促进了热带动物（至少是野牛和苏门答腊犀牛）向北扩张到NETP。这丰富了野生动物的多样性，从而为人类提供了丰富的狩猎资源，并促进了对青藏高原作为东亚最后的狩猎栖息地之一的探索。
We undertook an ancient genomic DNA investigation of large animal remains dated ∼5,200 y B.P. from the Tibetan Plateau. We provide compelling evidence that the present-day low-latitude tropical inhabitants Bos gaurus and Dicerorhinus sumatrensis once roamed as far north as the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) during the late Neolithic, pushing the historical gaur distribution from ∼29°N to ∼34°N. Further multidisciplinary exploration indicates that a high summer temperature in the late Neolithic might have facilitated the northward expansion of these tropical animals to the NETP, which enriched the biodiversity of wildlife and contributed to the exploration of the Tibetan Plateau as one of the last habitats for hunting game in East Asia. Local wild bovids have been determined to be important prey on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP), where hunting game was a major subsistence strategy until the late Neolithic, when farming lifestyles dominated in the neighboring Loess Plateau. However, the species affiliation and population ecology of these prehistoric wild bovids in the prehistoric NETP remain unknown. Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis is highly informative in decoding this puzzle. Here, we applied aDNA analysis to fragmented bovid and rhinoceros specimens dating ∼5,200 y B.P. from the Neolithic site of Shannashuzha located in the marginal area of the NETP. Utilizing both whole genomes and mitochondrial DNA, our results demonstrate that the range of the present-day tropical gaur (Bos gaurus) extended as far north as the margins of the NETP during the late Neolithic from ∼29°N to ∼34°N. Furthermore, comparative analysis with zooarchaeological and paleoclimatic evidence indicated that a high summer temperature in the late Neolithic might have facilitated the northward expansion of tropical animals (at least gaur and Sumatran-like rhinoceros) to the NETP. This enriched the diversity of wildlife, thus providing abundant hunting resources for humans and facilitating the exploration of the Tibetan Plateau as one of the last habitats for hunting game in East Asia.
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