Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera
Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2021.660546
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发表时间：
2021-11
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Micael Reis;Natalia Siomava;E. Wimmer;Nico Posnien
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Micael Reis;Natalia Siomava;E. Wimmer;Nico Posnien
昆虫的动力飞行能力促进了它们在进化上的巨大成功，使它们能够占据各种生态位。除了这一主要任务外，翅膀还经常参与各种捕食行为，如产生求偶歌曲和在飞行中启动交配。这些特定的功能意味着翅膀形态的特殊适应，以及特定性别的翅膀形态。虽然黑腹果蝇的翅膀形态已经得到了广泛的研究(Meigen，1830)，但对于其他双翅目，还缺乏对发育可塑性以及性别对翅膀大小和形状可塑性的影响的全面了解。为此，我们在不同的环境条件下饲养了黑腹果蝇、头角蝇(Wiedemann，1824)和家蝇(Musca Home tica，1758)三种双翅目果蝇，并应用几何形态计量学方法分析了翅膀的形状。我们的数据显示，三个物种在翅膀形状上存在广泛的种间差异，以及明显的有性翅膀形状二型性。我们揭示了不同饲养温度对这三个物种翅膀形状的影响，这主要是由黑腹金龟翅膀大小的可塑性所解释的。饲养密度对黑腹金丝猴的异速生长翅型有显著影响，而对其他两种影响不明显。此外，我们没有发现不同饲养条件对黑腹夜蛾和头羽夜蛾的性别特异性反应的证据，而不同饲养条件对家蝇非异速生长翅形的雄性特异性影响被观察到。总体而言，我们的数据强烈表明，翅膀形态的许多方面低于物种特定的适应，我们讨论了我们的结果的潜在发展和功能意义。
The ability of powered flight in insects facilitated their great evolutionary success allowing them to occupy various ecological niches. Beyond this primary task, wings are often involved in various premating behaviors, such as the generation of courtship songs and the initiation of mating in flight. These specific functions imply special adaptations of wing morphology, as well as sex-specific wing morphologies. Although wing morphology has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830), a comprehensive understanding of developmental plasticity and the impact of sex on wing size and shape plasticity is missing for other Diptera. Therefore, we raised flies of the three Diptera species Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) at different environmental conditions and applied geometric morphometrics to analyze wing shape. Our data showed extensive interspecific differences in wing shape, as well as a clear sexual wing shape dimorphism in all three species. We revealed an impact of different rearing temperatures on wing shape in all three species, which was mostly explained by plasticity in wing size in D. melanogaster. Rearing densities had significant effects on allometric wing shape in D. melanogaster, while no obvious effects were observed for the other two species. Additionally, we did not find evidence for sex-specific response to different rearing conditions in D. melanogaster and C. capitata, while a male-specific impact of different rearing conditions was observed on non-allometric wing shape in M. domestica. Overall, our data strongly suggests that many aspects of wing morphology underly species-specific adaptations and we discuss potential developmental and functional implications of our results.