Larger tsunamis from megathrust earthquakes where slab dip is reduced

Larger tsunamis from megathrust earthquakes where slab dip is reduced
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巨型逆冲地震引发的更大规模海啸导致板片倾角减小

DOI:
10.1038/s41561-020-0553-x
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
影响因子:
18.3
通讯作者:
Buck, W. Roger
Buck, W. Roger
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Oryan, Bar;Buck, W. Roger

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一部分巨型逆冲断层地震会产生与其震级相当的巨大海啸。在过去50年里,所有这些记录在案的“海啸地震”都在上板块发生了伸展性余震。其中包括这一时期最大和最具破坏性的两次地震,2004年苏门答腊-安达曼和2011年东北地震。来自东北地区的证据表明,地震期间上板块的正常断层滑动可能导致了海啸的规模。在这里,我们提出了一个数值模型,显示如何减少俯冲板的倾角,在数百万年的时间尺度上,可能会导致在几秒钟到几个月的时间尺度上的巨型逆冲断层以上的伸展断层故障。板块倾角的减小使上板块弯曲,这样,当一个巨大的逆冲断层破裂释放挤压应力时,浅部在伸展中失败。这导致伸展余震的分布与东北巨型逆冲断层上方的分布相当。东北和其他几次海啸地震的火山弧迁移和隆起数据与板块倾角减小一致。收集更多的此类数据可能会发现与板块倾角减小有关的海啸危险的其他领域。
A subset of megathrust earthquakes produce anomalously large tsunamis for their magnitude. All of these recorded ‘tsunami earthquakes’ in the past 50 years had extensional aftershocks in the upper plate. These include the two largest and most destructive earthquakes of that period, the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman and the 2011 Tohoku events. Evidence from the region of Tohoku indicates that normal fault slip in the upper plate during the earthquake may have contributed to the tsunami size. Here we present a numerical model that shows how a reduction of the dip of a subducting slab, on a timescale of millions of years, can result in an extensional fault failure above a megathrust earthquake on timescales of seconds to months. Slab dip reduction bends the upper plate so that the shallow part fails in extension when a megathrust rupture relieves compressional stress. This results in a distribution of extensional aftershocks comparable to that seen above the Tohoku megathrust. Volcanic arc migration and uplift data for Tohoku and several other tsunami earthquakes is consistent with slab dip reduction. The collection of more such data might identify other areas of tsunami hazard related to slab dip reduction.
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