The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi amplified from grapevine roots (Vitis vinifera L.) in Oregon vineyards is seasonally stable and influenced by soil and vine age
The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi amplified from grapevine roots (Vitis vinifera L.) in Oregon vineyards is seasonally stable and influenced by soil and vine age
复制标题
俄勒冈州葡萄园中从葡萄根（Vitis vinifera L.）扩增的丛枝菌根真菌的多样性具有季节性稳定性，并受到土壤和葡萄树龄的影响
作者：
R. Paul Schreiner;K. Mihara
通过对俄勒冈州10个葡萄园土壤孢子的检测和根系菌根DNA的扩增，对丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）的多样性进行了评价。在土壤中发现了17种孢子形态，其中包括7种孢子。用AM1和NS31引物从葡萄根中扩增出18个种型，克隆中以Glomus spp.（> 99%）为主。用AM1-NS31引物从根中扩增出了代表Gigasporaceae单一种型的少数无性系（< 1%）和代表Archaeosporaceae单一无性系的一个无性系。另一项利用已知比例的葡萄根被Glomus intraradices或Gigaspora rosea定植的实验表明，当Glomus spp在根中共存时，Gigasporaceae真菌的克隆丰度可能不足。葡萄园内没有扩增出代表葡萄球菌科真菌的克隆，尽管葡萄球菌科的特定真菌在无菌土壤中定植于黑皮诺葡萄的根部，并从这些根中扩增出来。在所有10个葡萄园的根中均发现了包括G. intraradices在内的4种球囊真菌，这些真菌占无性系的81%。从根中扩增出的AMF种型在生长季节没有变化，但6种类型随土壤类型而变化。三种类型的存在受葡萄树龄的影响，并且随着葡萄树龄的增加，种类丰富度呈下降趋势。PCA分析支持红山土壤中AMF群落与山谷土壤不同的假设，并表明某些种类可能与下层土壤和葡萄营养状况有关。然而，葡萄根中AMF群落的变化是微妙的，因为大多数根样品由相同的3或4个种型主导。另一项利用引物扩增原孢科/伞菌科AMF的分析显示，大多数根样品也至少有一种Paraglomus或Archaeospora种型定植。
The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in 10 Oregon vineyards was assessed by examining spores in soil and amplifying mycorrhizal DNA from roots. Seventeen spore morphotypes were found in soil, including seven species in the Acaulosporaceae. Eighteen phylotypes were amplified from grape roots with AM1 and NS31 primers, and clones were dominated by Glomus spp. (> 99%). A few clones (< 1%) representing a single phylotype within Gigasporaceae, and a single clone within Archaeosporaceae were amplified from roots with AM1-NS31 primers. A separate experiment employing known proportions of grape roots colonized by Glomus intraradices or by Gigaspora rosea showed that fungi within Gigasporaceae might be underrepresented in clone abundance when Glomus spp. co-occur in roots. No clones representing fungi within the Acaulosporaceae were amplified from vineyards, although specific fungi within Acaulosporaceae were shown to colonize Pinot noir roots in sterilized soil and were amplified from these roots. Four Glomus phylotypes, including G. intraradices, were found in roots from all 10 vineyards, and these fungi accounted for 81% of clones. AMF phylotypes amplified from roots did not change during the growing season, although six phylotypes varied with soil type. The presence of three phylotypes was affected by vineyard age, and phylotype richness appeared to decline as vineyard age increased beyond 20 y. PCA analysis supported the hypothesis that the AMF community is different in red-hill soils than in valley soils and indicated certain phylotypes might be associated with lower soil and vine nutrient status. However, the changes in the AMF community in grape roots across vineyards were subtle because most root samples were dominated by the same three or four phylotypes. A separate analysis using primers to amplify AMF from the Archeasporaceae/Paraglomeraceae showed most root samples also were colonized by at least one Paraglomus or Archaeospora phylotype.