Ethnics and Ethnographers: Zora Neale Hurston and Anzia Yezierska
Ethnics and Ethnographers: Zora Neale Hurston and Anzia Yezierska
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民族学和民族志学者：Zora Neale Hurston 和 Anzia Yezierska
DOI：
10.2979/jml.2006.29.2.19
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发表时间：
2006
影响因子：
0.2
通讯作者：
Lori Jirousek
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lori Jirousek
20世纪初，参与式观察和社会调查等新的社会科学方法，通过研究者和被调查者之间持续的直接接触，有望产生前所未有的信息深度两位美籍作家——来自南方农村的非裔美国移民佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿和来自波兰的犹太移民安齐亚·叶泽尔斯卡——以观察者和被观察者的双重视角来看待社会科学研究，为这些新方法提供了独特的视角。具体来说，他们挑战了参与者的观察？在被研究的文化及其成员中生活、观察和记录的实践？由此产生的文本，人种志。当赫斯顿在1935年出版她的非裔美国人民俗作品集《骡子和男人》时，她创造了一种超越人种学的混合文本在准备手稿时，赫斯顿写信给她的导师、人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯（Franz Boas），“充满了颤抖”，担心他会拒绝为一本包含如此多“不科学的东西”的书写序言。为了说服他，她坚持认为，将民间故事背景化的“对话和事件”是“真实的”（《致弗朗茨·鲍亚士》，1934年8月30日）。这种叙事与民族志真相之间的冲突也困扰着赫斯顿同时代的安齐亚·叶泽尔斯卡（Anzia Yezierska），她同样偏离了她的导师、哲学家和教育家约翰·杜威（John Dewey）的民族志标准。叶泽尔斯卡在1932年出版的小说《达利永远不可能》（dalli Could Never Be）中表现得最为明显。这本小说重现了叶泽尔斯卡在杜威领导的民族志研究小组中研究费城波兰移民的经历。叶泽尔斯卡的人物范娅·伊万诺娃（Fanya Ivanowna）向她的杜威式导师提出了挑战：“我不知道我是否能学到你的科学方法。在我看来，你必须首先感觉到什么
In the early twentieth century, the new social science methods of participantobservation and social survey promised to yield an unprecedented depth of information through sustained direct contact between researcher and subjects.2 Approaching social scientific study as both observer and observed, two ethnic American writers, Zora Neale Hurston, an African-American migrant from the rural South, and Anzia Yezierska, a Jewish immigrant from Poland, offered unique perspectives on these new methods. Specifically, they challenged participant-observation?the practice of living among, observing, and recording a studied culture and its member informants?and the resulting text, ethnography. When Hurston developed her 1935 African-American folklore collection Mules andMen, she produced a hybrid text that transcended mere ethnography.3 Preparing the manuscript, Hurston wrote to her mentor, anthropologist Franz Boas, "full of tremors," fearing he would refuse to write the preface to a book containing so much "unscientific matter." To persuade him, she insists that the "conversations and incidents" that contextualize the folk tales "are true" ("To Franz Boas," 30 August 1934). This conflict between narrative and ethnographic truth also plagued Hurston's contemporary, Anzia Yezierska, who similarly diverged from the ethnographic standards of her mentor, the philosopher and educator John Dewey. Yezierska's struggle to develop an ethnographic text likewise "true" to its informants emerges most explicitly in her 1932 novdAllI Could Never Be, which recreates Yezierska's experience on a Dewey-led ethnographic team studying Philadelphias Polish immigrants. The Yezierska figure, Fanya Ivanowna, challenges her Deweyesque supervisor: "I wonder if I shall ever learn your scientific method of approach. It seems to me that you must feel first what