Nature over nurture: temperament, personality, and life span development.
Nature over nurture: temperament, personality, and life span development.
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DOI：
10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.173
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发表时间：
2000
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
R. McCrae;P. Costa;F. Ostendorf;A. Angleitner;M. Hřebíčková;M. D. Avia;Jesús Sanz;M. L. Sánchez-Bernardos;M. Kuşdil;Ruth Woodfield;Peter Saunders;Peter B. Smith
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文献类型：
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作者：
R. McCrae;P. Costa;F. Ostendorf;A. Angleitner;M. Hřebíčková;M. D. Avia;Jesús Sanz;M. L. Sánchez-Bernardos;M. Kuşdil;Ruth Woodfield;Peter Saunders;Peter B. Smith
气质通常被视为基于生物学的心理倾向，具有内在的发展路径。有人认为，这一定义适用于五因素模型的人格特质。从行为遗传学、亲子关系、人格结构、动物人格以及个体差异的纵向稳定性等研究中，总结了特质内生性的证据。通过对德国、英国、西班牙、捷克和土耳其样本（N = 5085）中14岁及以上男女的NEO五因素量表得分进行分析，为内在成熟提供了新的证据。这些数据尽管在经验上的关联不大，但支持了与儿童气质的紧密概念联系。人格的内在成熟由表达人格的适应性特征的文化制约发展所补充；人类发展的干预措施最好针对这些方面。
Temperaments are often regarded as biologically based psychological tendencies with intrinsic paths of development. It is argued that this definition applies to the personality traits of the five-factor model. Evidence for the endogenous nature of traits is summarized from studies of behavior genetics, parent-child relations, personality structure, animal personality, and the longitudinal stability of individual differences. New evidence for intrinsic maturation is offered from analyses of NEO Five-Factor Inventory scores for men and women age 14 and over in German, British, Spanish, Czech, and Turkish samples (N = 5,085). These data support strong conceptual links to child temperament despite modest empirical associations. The intrinsic maturation of personality is complemented by the culturally conditioned development of characteristic adaptations that express personality; interventions in human development are best addressed to these.