Group Cohesiveness: A Learning Phenomenon
Group Cohesiveness: A Learning Phenomenon
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团体凝聚力：一种学习现象
DOI：
10.1080/00224545.1961.9922183
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发表时间：
1961
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
B. Lott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Lott
在社会心理学中，近年来，近年来，小群体行为的预测受到了广泛关注。这一点可以从以下几点得到说明：与早些年相比，小群体研究的报道数量大幅增加（Coser，1955 ~ 1956），以及试图通过系统地关联特定于该领域的结构来解释群体行为的尝试（Festinger，1950; Homans，1950;纽科姆，1953）。本文的目的是研究这些结构之一，凝聚力，在一个更一般的行为理论的框架。这种尝试源于一种信念，即在任何环境中获得与人类行为相关的行为原则的最终价值，以及对这种原则的探索往往被过于轻率地驳回的感觉。在强化学习理论中可以找到可以推断社会行为的一般行为原则，正是在这个特定的框架内，群体凝聚力将被放置在努力解释其变化和影响。凝聚力通常被认为是群体最重要的特征之一，因为它被认为与群体的其他属性以及大量其他变量有关。然而，对这一核心结构的关注并不否认其他群体属性（如结构或背景）在决定群体行为方面的重要性。相反，更清楚地理解一个群体特征的决定因素和后果，将有助于发展关于其他群体特征的富有成效的假设。目前的提法被视为解决问题的初步办法。读者将会注意到，松散的末端和紧密的配合，希望能促进加强本文仅粗略建议的方法。
Within social psychology, in recent ye. ars, much attention has been focused on the prediction of behavior in small groups. This may be illustrated by a tremendous increase over earlier years in the number of small group studies reported (Coser, 1955-56), as well as by the attempts to explain group behavior by means of systematically related constructs specific to the area (Festinger, 1950; Homans, 1950; Newcomb, 1953). The object of this paper is to examine one of these constructs, cohesiveness, in the framework of a more general behavior theory. This attempt stems from a belief in the ultimate value of obtaining behavior principles which are relevant to human behavior in any context, and the feeling that the search for such principles has often been dismissed too lightly. General behavior principles from which deductions for social behavior can be made are to be found within reinforcement learning theory and it is within this specific framework that group cohesiveness will be placed in an effort to explain its variations and effects. Cohesiveness is generally regarded as one of the most significant characteristics of groups, in that it is thought to be related to the other properties of groups as well as to a large number of additional variables. The concern here with this central construct does not, however, deny the importance of other group properties, such as structure or context, in the determination of group behavior. It is to be expected, rather, that a clearer understanding of the determinants and consequents of one group characteristic will aid in the development of fruitful hypotheses regarding others. The present formulation is viewed as an initial approach to a problem. The loose ends and tight fits, which the reader will note, will, it is hoped, stimulate a strengthening of the approach which this paper will only sketchily suggest.