European Project in Danger? Understanding Precisely the Phenomena “Euroscepticsm, Populism and Extremism” in Times of Crisis
European Project in Danger? Understanding Precisely the Phenomena “Euroscepticsm, Populism and Extremism” in Times of Crisis
复制标题
欧洲计划陷入危险？准确理解危机时期的“欧洲怀疑主义、民粹主义和极端主义”现象
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
Florian Hartleb
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作者：
Florian Hartleb
欧洲计划最近已经到了一个关键点，关于欧盟基本目标的讨论已进入公众辩论。显然，一种新的欧洲怀疑主义正在兴起，它常常与民粹主义甚至极端主义政党的议程以及“欧洲重新国家化”的总体趋势联系在一起。主流政党内部的分歧显示出欧洲社会的裂痕。尽管这个异质的政党家族似乎是欧洲政党格局中的一个永久因素，但右翼民粹主义者的成功往往是不稳定的。在奥地利或法国，政党的第二代领导层表明他们有能力更新自己。但各政党的国家背景差异很大，可能是极端主义的，也可能完全不是。总体而言，短期内不太可能形成任何右翼民粹主义或极端主义国际团体，作为统一力量在欧洲层面竞争。极端主义政党没有足够的潜在支持来对现有的自由民主秩序构成威胁，匈牙利和希腊等一些例外，不仅是在经济方面，还因为正值严重危机。欧洲一体化的力量如此强大，尽管个别国家偶尔会出现民粹主义或极端主义抬头，但在这个问题上不太可能出现任何国家大转变。尽管如此，关于欧洲一体化和欧盟本身未来的辩论将继续对各个成员国的政治辩论产生重大影响。
The European project has recently reached a critical point, where a discussion on the fundamental objectives of the European Union has entered public debate. Obviously, a new euroscepticism is on the rise which is often linked with the agenda of populist or even extremist parties and a general tendency of ‘renationalizing Europe’. The drifting apart within the mainstream parties shows the cracks in European society. The success of right-wing populist tends to be volatile despite of the fact that this heterogeneous party family seems to be a permanent factor in the European party landscape. In Austria or France, the parties show with the second generation of leadership that they are able to renew themselves. But the parties differ a lot in the national backgrounds, can be extremist or totally not. In general, it is unlikely that any right-wing populist or extremist international groups will be formed any time soon competing as unified force at the European level. Extremist parties do not have enough potential support to pose a threat to the existing liberal democratic order with some exceptions such as Hungary an Greece due to the time of a severe crisis not only in economic terms. The power of European integration is so strong that it is unlikely that there will be any national U-turns on this issue, despite the occasional upsurge of populism or extremism in individual countries. Nevertheless, the debate over the future of European integration and of the European Union itself will continue to have a significant influence on the political debate in individual member states.