Caloric compensation in preschool children: Relationships with body mass and differences by food category
Caloric compensation in preschool children: Relationships with body mass and differences by food category
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DOI：
10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.018
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发表时间：
2017-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Warkentin, S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Carnell, S.;Benson, L.;Warkentin, S.
保持健康的体重可能涉及在随后的膳食中补偿先前消耗的卡路里。为了测试体重较重的儿童是否在一系列条件下表现出较差的热量补偿，并探索补偿失败是否是由于整体摄入量调整不足或特定过度消费高可口，高能量密度的“垃圾”食品，我们对4-5奥尔兹的样本进行了两次补偿测试。对于测试A，预负荷仅在碳水化合物含量方面变化，并且在感官上无法区分（200 ml橙味饮料[0 kcal vs. 200 kcal]）。对于测试B，预负荷在大量营养素组成和对卡路里含量的习得味觉线索两者中显著变化（200 ml水[0 kcal]对200 ml草莓奶昔[200 kcal]）。每次预负荷后30分钟，由一个多项目的自由进食包含垃圾食品（巧克力饼干，奶酪味饼干）和核心食品（水果和蔬菜，面包卷，蛋白质食品）。测试在孩子们自己的学校在正常的午餐时间进行。孩子们被称重和测量。在两个测试中，就总的、垃圾食品和核心食品摄入量而言，都发生了热量补偿（RMANOVA，所有p < 0.01）。较高的BMI z评分与较高的平均热量补偿相关（r = -0.26; p < 0.05），例如超重/肥胖儿童的补偿最少（41%），第50百分位数以上的儿童其次（59%），第50百分位数以下的儿童（80%）最多。仅对于测试A，肥胖/超重儿童在垃圾食品摄入方面的补偿不如正常体重儿童（RMANOVA预负荷-体重组相互作用p < 0.05），对核心食物没有显著影响。我们的研究结果表明，较重的儿童的热量补偿始终较差，超重/肥胖儿童对垃圾食品的偏好可能会压倒含有这些食物的膳食中的摄入调节机制。(C)2017爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有
Maintaining a healthy weight may involve compensating for previously consumed calories at subsequent meals. To test whether heavier children demonstrated poorer caloric compensation across a range of conditions, and to explore whether compensation failure was the result of inadequate adjustment of overall intake or specific over-consumption of highly palatable, high energy-density 'junk' foods, we administered two compensation tests to a sample of 4-5 y olds. For Test A, preloads varied only in carbohydrate content and were organoleptically indistinguishable (200 ml orange-flavored beverage [0 kcal vs. 200 kcal]). For Test B, the preloads varied substantially in both macronutrient composition and learned gustatory cues to caloric content (200 ml water [0 kcal] vs. 200 ml strawberry milkshake [200 kcal]). Each preload was followed 30 min later by a multi-item ad-libitum meal containing junk foods (chocolate cookies, cheese-flavored crackers) and core foods (fruits and vegetables, bread rolls, protein foods). Testing took place at the children's own school under normal lunch-time conditions. Children were weighed and measured. Caloric compensation occurred in both tests, in terms of total, junk and core food intake (RMANOVA, all p < 0.01). Higher BMI z scores were associated with greater average caloric compensation (r = -0.26; p < 0.05), such that overweight/obese children showed least compensation (41%), children over the 50th centile the next least (59%), and children under the 50th centile (80%) the most. For Test A only, obese/overweight children compensated less well than normal weight children in terms of junk food intake (RMANOVA preload-by-weight group interaction p < 0.05), with no significant effect for core foods. Our results suggest that caloric compensation is consistently poorer in heavier children, and that overweight/obese children's preferences for junk foods may overwhelm intake regulation mechanisms within meals containing those foods. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.