Thinking through Molds: Metal Flow and Visualizing the Unseen
Thinking through Molds: Metal Flow and Visualizing the Unseen
复制标题
通过模具思考：金属流动和看不见的可视化
DOI：
10.1086/721207
复制
发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Smith, Pamela H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lacey, Andrew;Smith, Pamela H.
无论多么小心地制作模具，过热的火，冷风或其他意外事件都可能导致模具破裂或熔融金属冷却和凝结过快，破坏最终的铸件。所有这些意外情况都必须在构建模具时进行可视化和考虑，这一过程涉及采购和准备模具材料，形成模具，围绕模型构建铸造基础设施（浇口，浇口和通风口），安排（和构建）熔炉，合金化和“处理”金属（用熔剂和物质），最后加热和铸造金属。意大利矿山经理和金属工人Vannoccio Biringuccio（约1000年）1480年至1539年）认为，“最大的劳动，无论是精神和身体都需要其[铸造]操作在开始，中间和结束。事实上，金属在模具中的行为是不可见的，这增强了人们在浇注后打开模具看看铸件成功与否的冲动。这一刻的金属加工导致Biringuccio注意到，“心是在悬念和恐惧举行的结果;精神是不安的，不断焦虑，”但尽管如此，他得出结论，“确实，这些劳动是愉快地忍受，因为它们与某种新奇的期望有关，由伟大的艺术产生，并期待着与欲望，特别是因为工匠看到这是一种即使对无知的人来说也令人愉悦和愉快的艺术。结果，他就像中了圈套，常常无法离开工作地点。”3.在铸造金属时，浇注和显露之间完全不可见和不确定的焦虑时刻，导致人们对影响金属流入模具的因素进行深入考虑和广泛实验。这种通过模具和铸造的思考在许多文献中很明显，比如比林古乔的《Pirotechnia》（1540）和前面提到的Fr.640女士。在后一份手稿中的900多个条目中，超过三分之一的条目是专门用于铸造的，大多数是小物品，特别是用石膏从生命中铸造的植物和动物，以及用泥土填充的框架模具铸造的奖牌。这位不知名的作者称这些土（包括石膏）为沙（sable），并专注于沙的试验。他使用了各种各样的金属，包括金、银、铜和铜合金，如拉滕和他所谓的青铜和金属。他还对锡、铅和两者的各种合金以及从现有硬币中提取的合金进行了广泛的实验。《640号女士》绝不是一本食谱，它的观察、第一手试验和指令偶尔会混乱地记录下来。事实上，它的许多矛盾，空白，以及尾随和未完成的段落有时可以证明是一个优势，超过了一些出版文本的高度修辞抛光，至少对于历史学家试图想象一个金属工人的思维与他们的模具。
No matter how much care was devoted to making a mold, an overly hot fire, a cold wind, or other unexpected occurrences could cause a mold to crack or the molten metal to cool and congeal too quickly, ruining the final cast. All such contingencies had to be visualized and thought through in constructing a mold, a process that involved sourcing and preparing the mold materials, forming the mold, constructing the casting infrastructure around the model (gate, sprues, and vents), arranging (and constructing) the furnace, alloying and “treating” the metal (with fluxes and substances), and, finally, heating and casting the metal. The Italian mine manager and metalworker Vannoccio Biringuccio (ca. 1480–1539) opined that “the greatest labors of both mind and body are required for its [casting] operations in the beginning, middle, and end.” The fact that the behavior of metal within a mold was invisible heightened the urge to open the mold after a pour to see the success of a cast. This moment of metalworking led Biringuccio to note that “the mind is held in suspense and fear regarding the outcome; the spirit is disturbed and continually anxious,” but despite this he concluded that “it is indeed true that these labors are endured with pleasure because they are associated with a certain expectation of novelty, produced by the greatness of art and awaited with desire, particularly since the artificer sees that it is an art pleasing and delightful even to ignorant men. As a result, as if ensnared, he is often unable to leave the place of work.” 3That anxious moment of complete invisibility and uncertainty between pour and reveal in casting metals has led to deep consideration of and extensive experimentation with the factors that influence the flow of metal into a mold. This type of thinking through molds and casting is evident in many documents like Biringuccio’s Pirotechnia (1540) and the aforementioned Ms. Fr. 640. Of the more than nine hundred entries in that latter manuscript, more than a third are devoted to casting, mostly of small items, especially of plants and animals cast from life in plaster and medals cast in earth-filled frame molds. The unknown authorpractitioner called these earths (including plaster) sable (sand) and focused on the trials of sands with significant preoccupation. He used a great variety of metals including gold, silver, copper, and copper alloys like latten and what he calls bronze and metal. He also experimented extensively with tin, lead, and various alloys of the two, as well as alloys derived from available coins. Ms. Fr. 640 is by no means a recipe book, with its observations, first-hand trials, and directives put down in occasionally chaotic order. In fact, its many contradictions, lacunae, and trailing and unfinished passages can sometimes prove to be an advantage over the highly rhetorical polish of some published texts, at least for the historian attempting to visualize a metal worker’s thinking with and through their molds.
关于多样化的艺术：关于绘画、玻璃制造和金属制品的最重要的中世纪论文
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1979
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
P. Theophilus;J. Hawthorne;C. Smith
通讯作者：
C. Smith
自然与艺术，创造与认知：重建十六世纪的生活铸造技术*
影响因子：
0.6
作者：
P. Smith;T. Beentjes
通讯作者：
T. Beentjes