China's social deprivation: Measurement, spatiotemporal pattern and urban applications
China's social deprivation: Measurement, spatiotemporal pattern and urban applications
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DOI：
10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.02.007
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发表时间：
2017-04
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Chen Wan;Shiliang Su
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chen Wan;Shiliang Su
在世界各地的许多城市，特别是在发展中国家，出现了越来越多的具有社会和经济短缺和不利条件（文献中定义为社会剥夺）的同质地理单元。已达成共识，承认社会剥夺是对人类和可持续性的一项重大挑战。因此，它需要强大的知识来衡量，确定和针对不同规模的贫困单位。基于2000 - 2010年地级市人口普查数据，运用主成分分析法构建了一套衡量中国社会剥夺的指标体系。特别是，一个综合的社会剥夺指数（ISDI）和五个分项指数（一般社会经济剥夺，弱势人口，教育剥夺，住房剥夺和职业剥夺）的开发。受试者工作特征曲线证实了ISDI在社会剥夺测量中的有效性。中国333个城市的社会剥夺表现出明显的时空异质性。该模型大致呈现了ISDI较低的城市主要分布在东部和东北地区，而社会剥夺感较高的城市一般分布在中西部地区的地理格局。2000年和2010年的比较表明，在五个领域中，只有首都城市的水平仍然较低。许多城市在某些领域的水平有所提高。最后，分位数回归探讨了ISDI在城市政策绩效评估、环境不平等评估和社会不公平评估三大城市问题中的应用。社会剥夺与5个代表性分位数（第10、25、50、75和90分位数）的城市化指标、前10个分位数的年平均PM2. 5浓度和几乎所有分位数的城市公共绿色空间（UPGS）呈负相关。这些结果分别说明，城市化政策对消除社会不平等起到了积极作用，中国最贫困的30个城市可能暴露于较高的PM2. 5浓度，而高度贫困的城市拥有较少的城市公共绿色空间。我们的研究表明，ISDI在解决中国城市问题方面具有很好的适用性。该方法框架不仅限于中国，而且可以适用于世界其他发展中国家。这篇论文被认为是对栖息地研究的新见解。
Expanding numbers of homogenous geographical units with social and economic shortages and disadvantages (defined as social deprivation in the literature) have emerged in many cities around the world, particularly in developing countries. Consensus has been reached on the acknowledgement of social deprivation as a major challenge for humanity and sustainability. It therefore requires strong knowledge to measure, identify, and target the deprived units at different scales. Based on census data at prefecture city level from 2000 to 2010, this paper employs the principle component analysis to formulate a family of indices to measure China's social deprivation. In particular, one integrated social deprivation index (ISDI) and five sub-indices (general socioeconomic deprivation, disadvantaged population, education deprivation, housing deprivation, and occupation deprivation) are developed. The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve confirms that the ISDI is valid and efficient in social deprivation measurement. Social deprivation shows obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity across the 333 cities in China. It roughly presents the geography that cities with lower ISDI are mainly distributed in eastern and northeastern China, while cities of higher social deprivation are generally located in the central and western regions. Comparisons between 2000 and 2010 indicate that only the capital cities remain at lower levels in the five domains. Many cities have experienced increased levels in certain domains. Quantile regression is finally utilized to explore the applications of ISDI in three major urban issues (urban policy performances evaluation, environmental inequalities assessment, and social injustice evaluation). Social deprivation is negatively associated with urbanization indicators at 5 representative quantiles (the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantile), annual mean PM2.5concentration at first 10 percentiles and urban public green spaces (UPGS) at almost all percentiles. These results respectively donate that urbanization policy has played a positive role in eliminating social inequalities, the least deprived 30 cities in China could be exposed to higher PM2.5concentrations, and the highly deprived cities have fewer urban public green spaces. Our study demonstrates that the ISDI has promising applicability in addressing urban issues in China. The methodological framework is not restricted in China and can be employed to other developing countries around the world. This paper is believed to offer new insights into habitat research.