An overview of thundersnow
An overview of thundersnow
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雷雪概述
DOI：
10.1002/wea.376
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Vavrek
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
David M. Schultz;R. Vavrek
在温暖的季节里，人们经常可以从积雨云中观察到闪电和雷鸣。这些雷暴可能伴随着暴雨、冰雹、强风，可能还会有龙卷风。然而，在冬季，暴风雪和大雪偶尔会产生闪电和雷鸣。雪和闪电/雷声的结合称为“雷雪”(图1)。例如，英国发生了两起引人注目的雷雪事件。2004年1月28日，一股强大的冷锋和狂风线穿过了英国南部的大部分地区，在巴斯的库姆·唐恩产生了雷雪、冰雹、阵风和龙卷风。湿雪结冰了，在晚高峰期间造成了许多交通问题。在另一个例子中，2008年1月3日/4日，北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特的一次6小时对流期间，降雪量为12-15厘米。根据Torro数据库的数据，一次雷击使里斯本的一个变电站瘫痪，导致13 500户家庭断电。美国也不能幸免于雷雪。2006年10月12日，纽约水牛城遭遇了一场名为“蚜虫”的早期暴风雪，在风暴最严重的时候，闪电以每分钟10次以上的速度闪电。几个月后的2006年12月1日，密苏里州哥伦比亚市发生了另一起事件，夜间降雪超过38厘米，午夜至凌晨1时之间出现了一段时间的闪电和雷鸣。第二天早上，大雪使大都会地区陷入瘫痪。在美国，只有1.3%的冷季(10月至5月)雷暴报告有降雪，只有0.07%的报告降雪与闪电或雷声有关(Curran和Pearson，1971)。因此，雷雪是一种异常罕见的事件。此外，在温暖的季节，雷雪风暴通常比有雨的雷暴产生的雷击次数更少。例如，在2002年犹他州的一次雷雪事件中，
Lightning and thunder are commonly observed during the warm season from cumulonimbus clouds. These thunderstorms may be accompanied by heavy rain, hail, strong winds, and possibly tornadoes. During winter, however, snowstorms with heavy snowfall can occasionally produce lightning and thunder. The combination of snow and lightning/thunder is called ‘thundersnow’ (Figure 1). For example, two notable thundersnow events have struck the United Kingdom. On 28 January 2004, a strong cold front and squall line passed through much of southern Britain, producing thundersnow, hail, gusty winds, and a tornado at Coombe Down, Bath. The wet snow froze, causing numerous traffic problems during the evening rush hour. In another example, during one six-hour period of convection on 3/4 January 2008 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 12–15 centimetres of snow fell. One lightning strike disabled a substation in Lisburn, causing 13 500 homes to be without electricity, according to the TORRO database. The United States is not immune to thundersnow either. An early-season snowstorm, named ‘Aphid’, struck Buffalo, New York, on 12 October 2006 yielding cloudto-ground (CG) lightning strokes at rates of 10+ strikes per minute during the height of the storm. Another event occurred a few months later on 1 December 2006 in Columbia, Missouri, when more than 38 centimetres of wet snow fell overnight, with a period of lightning and thunder between midnight and 1 a.m. The metro area was paralyzed the next morning by the heavy snowfall. In the USA, only 1.3% of cool-season (October–May) thunderstorms report incidences with snowfall, and only 0.07% of reported snowfalls are associated with lightning or thunder (Curran and Pearson, 1971). Thus, thundersnow is an exceptionally uncommon event. In addition, thundersnow storms generally produce fewer lightning strokes than thunderstorms with rain during the warm season. For example, in one thundersnow event in Utah during 2002,