Optimal energy control of grid tied PV–diesel–battery hybrid system powering heat pump water heater
Optimal energy control of grid tied PV–diesel–battery hybrid system powering heat pump water heater
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DOI：
10.1016/j.solener.2015.02.028
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发表时间：
2015-05
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Sam M. Sichilalu;X. Xia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sam M. Sichilalu;X. Xia
本文开发了一种用于为热泵热水器（HPWH）供电的并网光伏（PV）-电池-柴油系统的电力调度的优化控制策略。该系统由光伏组件、电网、蓄电池、HPWH、柴油发电机（DG）和其他家用电器组成。光伏发电可以同时将多余的电力输送到电网并为负载供电。电池用于存储更便宜的非高峰电网能源，具体取决于分时电价 (TOU)，而 DG 是 HPWH 的备用电源。该模型的目标函数是最小化能源和燃料成本，同时最大化光伏能源的激励权衡。 TOU 是该模型中的一个重要控制参数。来自每个电源的功率流是控制变量。最优控制在实现实用的净零能耗建筑和需求侧管理方面显示出巨大的潜力。该模型满足技术和操作方面的限制。案例研究基于安装在南非比勒陀利亚酒店的 3 × 16 kW HPWH。使用实际测量的 HPWH 需求，在选定的季节性日期进行一年多的模拟。使用混合整数非线性程序解决了最优控制问题，结果显示了 TOU 如何影响 HPWH 的电力调度。本文介绍了能源和成本节约。
This paper develops an optimal control strategy for power dispatch of the grid-tied photovoltaic (PV)–battery–diesel system to power heat pump water heaters (HPWH). The system consists of the PV modules, grid, battery, HPWH, diesel generator (DG) and other domestic appliances. The PV can simultaneously feed in the excess power to the grid and supply the loads. The battery is used as storage of cheaper-to-buy off-peak grid energy, dependent on the time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariff, while the DG is a backup power source to the HPWH. The objective function of the model is to minimize energy and fuel cost while maximizing PV energy trade-off for incentives. The TOU is an important control parameter in this model. The power flows from each power source are the control variables. The optimal control shows a great potential to realize a practical net zero-energy building and demand side management. This model meets both the technical and operational constraints. A case study is done based on a 3 × 16 kW HPWH installed at a Pretoria Hotel in South Africa. Simulations run over a year on selected seasonal dates using the actual measured demand of the HPWH. The optimal control problem is solved using a mixed integer non-linear program and the results show how TOU affects the power dispatch to the HPWH. The energy and cost savings are presented in this paper.