Contaminants in fish: Risk-benefit considerations
Contaminants in fish: Risk-benefit considerations
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DOI：
10.2478/v10004-007-0025-3
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发表时间：
2007-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Costa, Lucio G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Costa, Lucio G.
鱼提供了一个健康的膳食蛋白质来源，并富含营养素，如欧米茄-3脂肪酸。有证据表明，食用鱼类对冠心病、中风、年龄相关性黄斑变性以及生长和发育有有益影响。然而，这些好处可能会被甲基汞、二恶英、多氯联苯和其他几种卤化持久性有机污染物等污染物的存在所抵消。甲基汞是一种已知的发育神经毒物，日本和伊拉克的几项动物研究和人类中毒事件证明了这一点。鱼类是一般人群接触甲基汞的主要来源，大型食肉鱼类（箭鱼、金枪鱼）的甲基汞污染水平最高。监管机构已将每周可耐受摄入量暂定为0.7 μ g kg（-1）至1.6 μ g kg（-1）。对鱼类受二恶英和二恶英类多氯联苯污染的关注源于其致癌性、免疫毒性以及生殖和发育毒性。养殖和野生捕捞的鱼类似乎有类似的污染物水平。建议儿童、孕妇和育龄妇女限制食用某些鱼类。谨慎的风险效益考虑应促进鱼类消费，同时尽量减少接触有毒污染物。
Fish provide a healthful source of dietary protein and are high in nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids. There is evidence of beneficial effects of fish consumption in coronary heart disease, stroke, age-related macular degeneration, and growth and development. Yet, benefits may be offset by the presence of contaminants, such as methylmercury (MeHg), dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and several other halogenated persistent organic pollutants. MeHg is a known developmental neurotoxicant, as evidenced by several animal studies and episodes of human intoxication in Japan and Iraq. Fish represent the main source of exposure to MeHg for the general population, and large predatory fish (swordfish, tuna) have the highest levels of MeHg contamination. Provisional tolerable weekly intakes of 0.7 mu g kg(-1) to 1.6 mu g kg(-1) have been set by regulatory agencies. Concern for contamination of fish with dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs stems from their reported carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicities. Farmed and wild-caught fish appear to have similar levels of contaminants. Advisories are in place that recommend limited consumption of certain fish in children, pregnant women and women of childbearing age. Careful risk-benefit considerations should foster fish consumption while minimizing exposure to toxic contaminants.