Roles and Innovations in Medicine
Roles and Innovations in Medicine
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医学中的角色和创新
DOI：
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发表时间：
1960
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Joseph Ben
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Joseph Ben
细菌学和精神分析学的先驱们说明了科学创新者的特征，他们开始研究当时被科学共识定义为超出科学范围的问题。通常，创新者是作为副业参与研究和学术教学的实践者，或者说是“角色混合体”，也就是说，理论科学家受到个人或职业原因的驱使，去解决实际问题。随着专业化的发展，其他领域也可以从这些资源中获得创新。
The pioneers in bacteriology and psychoanalysis illustrate the characteristics of scientific innovators who begin investigating problem defined at the time by scientific consensus as beyond the scope of science. Typically, the innovators were practitioners who were involved in research and academic teaching as a side-line, or "role hybrids," that is, theoretical scientists who were driven by personal or professional reasons to solve practical problems. With the spread of professionalization, other fields may gain their innovations from such sources.