Phylogeny of world stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) reveals a Gondwanan origin of Darwin's stag beetle
Phylogeny of world stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) reveals a Gondwanan origin of Darwin's stag beetle
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.015
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发表时间：
2015-05-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Farrell, Brian D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kim, Sang Il;Farrell, Brian D.
锹形虫（学名：Stag beetles）是金龟子科最早的分支之一，其特征是雄性下颚的显著发育。尽管雄鹿甲虫在传统分类学家和业余收藏家中很受欢迎，但几乎没有关于绿甲虫关系和进化的研究。昆虫学家，包括让内尔（Jeannel，1942），早就认识到南方的鹿角甲虫族Chiasognathini、Colophonini、Lamprimini、Pholidotini、Racksonotini和Streptocerini之间的相似性，但他们在大陆之间的密切关系的假设从未得到验证。为了进一步深入了解绿僵菌的遗传和地理学，我们使用线粒体16 S rDNA，核18 S和28 S rDNA以及核蛋白编码（NPC）基因wingless的DNA序列重建了世界鹿角甲虫的第一个分子遗传学，这些基因代表了所有现存亚科的93种绿僵菌和27个部落中的24种，以及14个早期分支的金龟子科和2个隐翅虫科的代表性样本作为外类群。贝叶斯推断（BI）和最大似然推断（MLI）都强烈支持包括Diphyllostomatidae在内的广义Lucanidae的单系性。在严格意义上的Lucanidae，亚科Lucaninae和Lampriminae出现单系的系统发育推断的两种方法下，然而，Aesalinae和Syndesinae被发现是多系的。基于五个化石数据的时间校准的进化史估计，冠群Lucanidae的起源大约在1.6亿年前（MYA）。Chiasognathini的新热带和澳大拉西亚群体之间的分歧估计约为47 MYA，南非的Colophonini从古代Chiasognathini谱系中分支出来约87 MYA。另一种冈瓦纳关系在澳大拉西亚的真动脉和新热带的卡西尼图斯之间恢复，它们在大约5800万年前分道扬镳。最后，正如Jeannel的假设所预测的，在Lambriminae内，澳大拉西亚的Lam prima和新热带区的Streptocerus之间的分歧估计约为37 MYA。这些谱系的分裂一般与超大陆冈瓦纳大陆分裂的模式相一致，我们基于扩散-灭绝-分支模式（DEC）的地理重建证实了我们的观点，即这些南方谱系的分歧是由冈瓦纳大陆分裂后的替代事件造成的。此外，首次揭示了夏威夷无翅虫属的系统发育位置和地理起源。总的来说，我们的研究结果提供了一个框架，朝着研究Lucanid的关系和分歧的时间估计，这使得更准确的地理解释和讨论祖先Lucanids和扩大的男性下颌骨的进化起源。(C)2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Stag beetles (family Lucanidae Latreille, 1804) are one of the earliest branching lineages of scarab beetles that are characterized by the striking development of the male mandibles. Despite stag beetles' popularity among traditional taxonomists and amateur collectors, there has been almost no study of lucanid relationships and evolution. Entomologists, including Jeannel (1942), have long recognized resemblance between the austral stag beetles of the tribes Chiasognathini, Colophonini, Lamprimini, Pholidotini, Rhyssonotini, and Streptocerini, but this hypothesis of their close relationship across the continents has never been tested. To gain further insight into lucanid phylogeny and biogeography, we reconstructed the first molecular phylogeny of world stag beetles using DNA sequences from mitochondrial 16S rDNA, nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding (NPC) gene wingless for 93 lucanid species representing all extant subfamilies and 24 out of the 27 tribes, together with 14 representative samples of other early branching scarabaeoid families and two staphyliniform beetle families as outgroups. Both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood inference (MLI) strongly supported the monophyly of Lucanidae sensu lato that includes Diphyllostomatidae. Within Lucanidae sensu stricto, the subfamilies Lucaninae and Lampriminae appeared monophyletic under both methods of phylogenetic inferences; however, Aesalinae and Syndesinae were found to be polyphyletic. A time-calibrated phylogeny based on five fossil data estimated the origin of crown group Lucanidae as circa 160 million years ago (MYA). Divergence between the Neotropical and Australasian groups of the Chiasognathini was estimated to be circa 47 MYA, with the South African Colophonini branching off from the ancient Chiasognathini lineage around 87 MYA. Another Gondwanan relationship was recovered between the Australasian Eucarteria and the Neotropical Casignetus, which diverged circa 58 MYA. Lastly, as Jeannel's hypothesis predicted, divergence within Lampriminae between the Australasian Lam prima and the Neotropical Streptocerus was estimated to be circa 37 MYA. The split of these lineages were generally concordant with the pattern of continental break-up of the super-continent Gondwana, and our biogeographic reconstructions based on the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model (DEC) corroborate our view that the divergences in these austral lineages were caused by vicariance events following the Gondwanan break-up. In addition, the phylogenetic position and geographic origin of the Hawaiian genus Apterocydus was revealed for the first time. Overall, our results provide the framework toward studying lucanid relationships and divergence time estimates, which allowed for more accurate biogeographic explanations and discussions on ancestral lucanids and the evolutionary origin of the enlarged male mandibles. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.