Social Theory: Twenty Introductory Lectures
Social Theory: Twenty Introductory Lectures
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社会理论：二十个入门讲座
DOI：
10.1177/0094306110380400g
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Graeme R. Newman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Briefly Noted;Graeme R. Newman
犯罪学的学生看到了关于切萨雷·贝卡里亚-博内萨纳的短暂提及，他是关于惩罚和犯罪分类的开明观念的早期支持者，但他们不知道，当他还是个男孩的时候，他被称为牛顿奇诺（小牛顿）在数学和语言方面的非凡才能，也不是他唯一幸存的女儿朱莉亚在1785年生下了伟大的意大利小说家和诗人，亚历山德罗·曼佐尼，威尔第为他写了他的伟大的《交响曲》（第lxvii页）。但更重要的是，人们可以从贝卡里亚这部精彩的修辞学杰作的新版本中了解到，他并不关心写这本书，开始时对这个话题知之甚少，如果他没有得到“朋友们的一点帮助”，特别是Verri兄弟，Pietro和Alessandro，他就不会费心。他与他们和其他人一起在米兰成立了一个学术俱乐部，并出版了一种明显开明的作品，从当时的苏格兰和法国作家那里得到启示。从马塞洛·马埃斯特罗（Marcello Maestro）翻译的彼得罗·韦里（Pietro Verri）的一封信中，我们了解到以下内容：“现在我将满足你对《论犯罪与惩罚》这本书的主题。这本书是贝卡里亚侯爵写的。我给了他这个话题;大部分的想法都是贝卡里亚、亚历山德罗、兰伯滕吉和我每天谈话的结果。在我们的社会中，我们在同一个房间里度过夜晚，我们每个人都在工作。亚历山德罗在写意大利史我有我的政治和经济工作。贝卡里亚对别人感到厌烦和厌烦。他绝望地向我要一个题目，我向他提出这个建议，因为我知道这对一个能言善辩、富有想象力的人来说是一个极好的题目，但他对我们的犯罪系统一无所知。亚历山德罗是囚犯的保护者，答应帮助他。贝卡里亚开始把他的想法写在纸上，我们鼓励他，他写下了很多想法;每天下午我们散步，我们谈论刑法中的错误，我们讨论，问题，然后，在晚上，他写了他的文章。但他写得太累了，一个小时后他就写不下去了。当他收集了所有的材料后，我把它们写下来，我们把它们整理好，这样就成了一本书。困难的是要毫无困难地发表如此微妙的事情。我把它寄给了里窝那的奥贝尔先生，他出版了我的《幸福的沉思》。我在去年4月寄出了手稿，我们在1764年7月收到了第一份。从这篇见证中，我们了解到贝卡里亚与其说是一位学者，不如说是一位有才华的作家，有着令人鼓舞的朋友（“重要的不是[这本书]的逻辑，而是它的”心“），启蒙运动是以年轻人的形式来到米兰的，他们对现代思想充满热情，并且有足够的资金来放纵他们的智力激情。这本书本身激励杰斐逊和其他创始人摧毁中世纪的正义和惩罚的概念，给了边沁不朽的“最大的幸福”（第100页）。xliv，7），兴奋伏尔泰以及凯瑟琳大帝，是一个巨大的修辞成功。它的47章实际上是非常简短的观察，清晰地表达。他的影响是广泛的，甚至可能包括查尔顿赫斯顿和全国步枪协会：“法律，禁止携带武器。. .只解除那些不倾向于或决心犯罪的人的武装。而一直以来，那些有勇气违反最神圣的法律和最重要的法典的人，他们怎么会尊重哪怕是次要的或纯粹武断的法律呢？他们可以更容易地违反这些法律，而且不受惩罚，而这些法律正是那些会剥夺个人自由的法律，这些法律对人类来说是如此珍贵，
Students of criminology see fleeting reference to Cesare Beccaria-Bonesana as an early proponent of enlightened notions pertaining to punishment and the classification of crime, but they do not know that when he was a boy, he was known as Newtoncino (little Newton) for his prowess in math and languages, nor that his only surviving daughter, Giulia, gave birth in 1785 to the great Italian novelist and poet, Alessandro Manzoni, for whom Verdi wrote his great Requiem (p. lxvii). But more to the point, one can learn from this wonderful new edition of Beccaria’s rhetorical masterpiece that he did not care to write the book, did not know much about the topic when he began, and would not have bothered had he not received ‘‘a little help from his friends,’’ specifically the Verri brothers, Pietro and Alessandro. With them and others he set up a scholarly club in Milan, and published works of a distinctly Enlightened kind, taking their cues from Scottish and French writers of the day. From Marcello Maestro’s translation of a letter from Pietro Verri, we learn the following: ‘‘And now I will satisfy you on the subject of the book On Crimes and Punishments. The book is by the Marquis Beccaria. I gave him the subject; the majority of the ideas are the result of conversation which took place everyday between Beccaria, Alessandro, Lambertenghi, and myself. In our society we pass the evening in the same room, each of us working. Alessandro is working on the Storia d’Italia. I have my political and economic works. Beccaria was bored and bored with others. Desperately, he asked me for a subject and I suggested this to him, because I knew it was an excellent one for an eloquent and very imaginative man. But he knew nothing about our criminal systems. Alessandro, who was Protector of Prisoners, promised to help him. Beccaria began to write his ideas on sheets of paper, and we encouraged him so much that he set down a great many ideas; every afternoon we took a walk and we talked of the errors in criminal law, we had discussions, questions, and then, at night, he did his writing; but it is so tiring for him to write that after an hour he cannot go on. When he had all the material collected, I wrote it down and we gave order to it, so to form a book. The difficulty was to publish such delicate matters without having trouble. I sent it to Mr. Aubert in Leghorn, who had published my Meditazioni sulla felicita. I sent the manuscript in April last year [1764] and we received the first copy in July 1764’’ (p. lviii). From this testimonial we learn that Beccaria was not a scholar so much as a talented writer with encouraging friends (‘‘it is not the logic [of the book] that is so important, but rather its ‘heart’’’ [p. l]), and that the Enlightenment came to Milan in the form of young men with great enthusiasm for modern ideas, and the wherewithal to indulge their intellectual passions. The book itself inspired Jefferson and other Founders to demolish medieval notions of justice and punishment, gave to Bentham the immortal ‘‘the greatest happiness for the greatest number’’ (pp. xliv, 7), excited Voltaire as well as Catherine the Great, and was a huge rhetorical success. Its 47 chapters are actually very short observations, lucidly expressed. His influence was and remains broad, perhaps even including Charlton Heston and the NRA: ‘‘Laws that prohibit the carrying of arms . . . disarm only those who are not inclined or determined to commit crimes. And all the while, those who have the courage to violate the most sacred laws and the most important of the codes, how will they respect even the minor or purely arbitrary laws? These they can break more easily and with impunity, and which, precisely obeyed, are those laws that would take away personal liberty—so dear to man, so