Intrinsic electrical properties of nerve cells and their role in network oscillation.
Intrinsic electrical properties of nerve cells and their role in network oscillation.
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神经细胞的固有电特性及其在网络振荡中的作用。
DOI：
10.1101/sqb.1990.055.01.087
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发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Llinás,R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Llinás,R
近世纪来，人们一致认为神经系统的功能特性是其组成神经元元件之间相互作用的结果。这一观点的基础是认识到神经细胞是真正独立的解剖学元素。事实上，尽管20世纪初杰出的形态学家对神经细胞可能表现出的各种形式进行了细致的描述，但他们最突出的贡献是提出了神经元学说（参见《神经元学说》）。Ramon y Cajal 1911）。另一方面，从生理学的角度来看，神经元学说长期以来被认为意味着兴奋性的统一，其中神经细胞之间的任何功能变异都归因于突触连接的差异。许多神经科学家仍然认为，中枢神经元只有通过它们的突触输入才能产生电活动或静止。因此，中枢神经元被认为仅仅是神经元链中的中继元件，它允许脉冲沿着不同的通路快速传导到大脑的某个未知部分，”把所有的东西放在一起“。“这种对神经系统组织的看法充其量是不完整的。然而，在过去的15年中，出现了另一个关于神经元功能的问题-神经元的内在电响应特性。这个概念可以表述为”神经细胞在功能上是不可互换的。“也就是说，一种特定类型的神经元（例如，丘脑细胞）不能在功能上取代另一种类型的神经元（例如，下橄榄细胞），即使它们的形态，突触连接，神经递质和神经调质被精确复制。这种独特性的原因是丘脑细胞的内在电生理特性不同于下橄榄核神经元的内在电生理特性，认识到神经元内在电生理特性的功能意义意味着事实上神经系统的整体活动来自突触活动和内在电响应特性的相互作用。后者负责中枢神经系统（CNS）神经元的最显著的特性之一，即膜电位振荡的产生。由于这种特性允许神经元优先对给定频率的突触输入做出反应，内含子-
For almost a century now, it has been agreed that the functional properties of the nervous system are the result of interactions among its constituent neuronal elements. Fundamental to this perspective has been the realization that nerve cells are truly individual anatomical elements. Indeed, although brilliant turn-of-thecentury morphologists described in elegant detail the variety of forms that nerve cells may manifest, their most salient contribution was the proposal of the neuron doctrine (cf. Ramon y Cajal 1911). On the other hand, from a physiological point of view, the neuron doctrine was long believed to imply unity of excitability in which any variability of function among nerve cells was ascribable to differences in synaptic connectivity. Many neuroscientists still believe that central neurons are brought to electrical activity or to quiescence only by their synaptic inputs, Accordingly, central neurons are thought to serve as mere relay elements in a neuronal chain that allows the conductance of impulses along the different pathways in a rapid race to some unknown portion of the brain that" puts it all together." This view of the organization of the nervous system is, at best, incomplete. Over the last 15 years, however, another issue regarding neuronal function has emerged--that of the intrinsic electroresponsive properties of neurons. This concept may be stated as" nerve cells are not functionally interchangeable.'" That is, a neuron of a given kind (eg, a thalamic cell) cannot replace, functionally, a neuron of another type (eg, an inferior olivary cell), even if their morphology, synaptic connectivity, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators were to be precisely reproduced. The reason for this uniqueness is that the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of thalamic cells are different from those of inferior olivary neurons.Recognition of the functional significance of the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of neurons implies de facto that the overall activity of the nervous system emerges from the interplay of synaptic activity and intrinsic electroresponsive properties. The latter are responsible for one of the most remarkable properties of central nervous system (CNS) neurons, that of the generation of the membrane potential oscillations. Because this property allows neurons to respond preferentially to given frequencies of synaptic input, intrin-