Experts vs. Novices: Differences in How Mental Representations Are Used in Engineering Design.
Experts vs. Novices: Differences in How Mental Representations Are Used in Engineering Design.
复制标题
专家与新手：在工程设计中如何使用心理表征的差异。
DOI：
10.21061/jte.v23i1.a.5
复制
发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Scott D. Johnson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Dixon;Scott D. Johnson
心理表征是解决工程设计问题的重要认知结构。当给学生一个设计问题时，他们必须决定什么是已知的，他们必须处理的约束条件，以及客户的要求。然后，他们使用心理表征，如隐喻、类比和命题，来理解问题并制定解决方案。一些研究已经调查了心理表征在问题解决中的使用。例如，Greca和Moreira(1997)调查了大学生在解决涉及电场和磁场的物理问题时使用心理模型、命题和图像的情况。他们的发现表明，学生们大多使用与心理模型无关或根据心理模型解释的命题。Gick和Holyoak(1980)在解决一个表面上不同但概念上相似的问题之前，研究了源类比的提供。Casakin和Goldschmidt(1999)研究了专家和新手设计师在他们的工作中对视觉类比的使用。这两项研究的结果都表明，当人们被指示利用先前的问题和解决方案信息时，他们很擅长这样做，但在非提示条件下，他们可能不能有效地发现类似的信息。其他研究(Holyoak&Koh，1987；Keane，1987)表明，当目标问题和类比存在表面相似时，过去的类比更容易被激活。指导这项研究的概念框架有几种类型的心理表征，但为了本研究的目的，我们调查了命题、隐喻和类比。命题是指一个人可以明智地判断为对或错的最小知识单位。根据Paivio(1990)的说法，命题是最通用的表征概念，因为它们可以用来描述任何类型的信息。它们是与自然语言相对应的符号串。然而，与语言不同的是，命题表征被认为是“完全无规律的、抽象的、概念性的结构，以同样的方式表达信息，无论信息是口头的、任何语言的口头或书面句子，还是非语言的、感知的场景”(Paivio，1990，p.31)。工程命题的关联性
Mental representation is an important cognitive construct when solving engineering design problems. When students are given a design problem, they must decide what is known, the constraints they have to work with, and what is required by the customer. They then use mental representations, such as metaphors, analogies, and propositions, to make sense of the problem and develop a solution. Several studies have investigated the use of mental representations in problem solving. For example, Greca and Moreira (1997) investigated the use of mental models, propositions, and images by college students in solving physics problems involving electrical and magnetic fields. Their findings suggested that students work mostly with propositions unrelated to, or interpreted according to, mental models. Gick and Holyoak (1980) investigated the provision of source analogs prior to the tackling of a problem that is superficially different, but conceptually similar. Casakin and Goldschmidt (1999) examined the use of visual analogs by expert and novice designers in their work. The results of both studies indicated that people are good at utilizing prior problem and solution information when they are directed to do so, but then may not be efficient in detecting analogous information under unprompted conditions. Other studies (Holyoak & Koh, 1987; Keane, 1987) show that past analogies are more readily activated when there are surface similarities in the target problem and the analogy. Conceptual Framework Guiding the Study There are several types of mental representation, but for the purpose of this study propositions, metaphors, and analogies were investigated. A proposition refers to the smallest unit of knowledge that one can sensibly judge as true or false. According to Paivio (1990), propositions are the most versatile of representational concepts because they can be used to describe any type of information. They are strings of symbols that correspond to natural language. Unlike language, however, propositional representations are assumed to be “completely amodal, abstract, conceptual structures that represent information in the same way regardless of whether the information is experienced verbally, as a spoken or written sentence in whatever language, or nonverbally, as a perceptual scene” (Paivio, 1990, p. 31). The relevance of propositions for engineering