Rhythm generation, coordination, and initiation in the vocal pathways of male African clawed frogs
Rhythm generation, coordination, and initiation in the vocal pathways of male African clawed frogs
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雄性非洲爪蛙声音通路的节奏产生、协调和启动
DOI：
10.1152/jn.00628.2016
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Appleby, Todd
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yamaguchi, Ayako;Cavin Barnes, Jessica;Appleby, Todd
脑干中的中央模式发生器（CPG）被认为是许多脊椎动物发声的基础，但运动节律如何产生、协调和启动的详细机制仍不清楚。我们解决了这些问题，使用孤立的脑制备非洲爪蟾从虚构的发声可以引起。maleX的广告电话。由快颤音和慢颤音组成的低音由脑干中包含的发声CPG产生。脑干中枢发声通路由运动前核[延髓背侧被盖区（DTAM）]和喉运动核[疑核（n. IX-X）的同源物]组成，核之间有广泛的相互联系。此外，DTAM还接受来自扩展杏仁核的下行输入。我们发现，单侧切断DTAM和n.IX-X之间的投射消除了运动前虚构的快颤音模式，但不影响虚构的慢颤音，这表明快颤音和慢颤音CPG是不同的;慢颤音CPG包含在n.IX-X中，而快颤音CPG跨越DTAM和n.IX-X。中线横断，消除了前，后，或两个连合造成的虚构的电话的时间结构没有变化，但双边同步丢失，这表明，声乐CPGs包含在侧半的脑干和连合同步的两个振荡器。此外，除了前连合之外，从延伸杏仁核到DTAM的输入的消除导致每个半脑干自主启动虚构的快速而不是缓慢的颤音，这表明延伸杏仁核提供了启动快速颤音的双侧信号。新&值得注意的是，中央模式发生器（CPG）被认为是许多脊椎动物物种发声的基础，但其功能背后的详细机制仍不清楚。我们解决了这个问题，使用一个孤立的非洲爪蛙的大脑准备。我们发现，两个发声阶段是由解剖学上不同的CPGs介导的，有一对CPGs包含在脑干的左，右半部分，和这两个发声阶段的启动机制是不同的。
Central pattern generators (CPGs) in the brain stem are considered to underlie vocalizations in many vertebrate species, but the detailed mechanisms underlying how motor rhythms are generated, coordinated, and initiated remain unclear. We addressed these issues using isolated brain preparations ofXenopus laevisfrom which fictive vocalizations can be elicited. Advertisement calls of maleX. laevisthat consist of fast and slow trills are generated by vocal CPGs contained in the brain stem. Brain stem central vocal pathways consist of a premotor nucleus [dorsal tegmental area of medulla (DTAM)] and a laryngeal motor nucleus [a homologue of nucleus ambiguus (n.IX-X)] with extensive reciprocal connections between the nuclei. In addition, DTAM receives descending inputs from the extended amygdala. We found that unilateral transection of the projections between DTAM and n.IX-X eliminated premotor fictive fast trill patterns but did not affect fictive slow trills, suggesting that the fast and slow trill CPGs are distinct; the slow trill CPG is contained in n.IX-X, and the fast trill CPG spans DTAM and n.IX-X. Midline transections that eliminated the anterior, posterior, or both commissures caused no change in the temporal structure of fictive calls, but bilateral synchrony was lost, indicating that the vocal CPGs are contained in the lateral halves of the brain stem and that the commissures synchronize the two oscillators. Furthermore, the elimination of the inputs from extended amygdala to DTAM, in addition to the anterior commissure, resulted in autonomous initiation of fictive fast but not slow trills by each hemibrain stem, indicating that the extended amygdala provides a bilateral signal to initiate fast trills.NEW & NOTEWORTHYCentral pattern generators (CPGs) are considered to underlie vocalizations in many vertebrate species, but the detailed mechanisms underlying their functions remain unclear. We addressed this question using an isolated brain preparation of African clawed frogs. We discovered that two vocal phases are mediated by anatomically distinct CPGs, that there are a pair of CPGs contained in the left and right half of the brain stem, and that mechanisms underlying initiation of the two vocal phases are distinct.