Generational Economics in a Changing World.
Generational Economics in a Changing World.
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不断变化的世界中的世代经济学。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00380.x
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Mason A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lee RD;Mason A
在整个发达国家，慷慨的老年人福利国家计划，加上预计老年人比例的怀疑或更多，导致了政治斗争，有时会使年轻一代与老年人对立。本章的目的是将目前的情况放在历史和体制的背景下。我们开始简要回顾狩猎采集群体的研究，然后转向从国家转移账户项目（一个大型国际合作项目）得出的现代国家在不同经济发展阶段的实质性结果。人类狩猎采集后代的不成熟和营养依赖期特别长，持续到20岁左右，根据对当代群体的研究判断（Kaplan 1994; Hill and Hurtado 2009;豪厄尔2010）。70岁以下的所有年龄段的成年人产生的热量都比他们平均消耗的热量多，把多余的热量用来喂养年轻人。在狩猎和采集被农业取代成为生产技术和社会组织的主导形式之后的几千年里，现代人口结构开始发生转变。人口结构的转变最终导致儿童在人口中的比例大大减少，而老年人的比例大大增加。考虑到刚刚描述的狩猎采集者的代际转移模式，包括老年人的净生产力，人们会预期人口老龄化会放松社会预算约束，因为成年人与儿童的比例会飙升。但有趣的事情沿着发生了：社会发明了退休，老年人越来越依赖年轻人，人口老龄化的经济后果现在受到了警告。
Across the developed world, generous welfare state programs for the elderly, together with projected doublings or more in the proportion old, have led to political struggles that sometimes pit younger generations against the elderly. The goal of this chapter is to put the current situation in historical and institutional context. We begin with a brief review of research on hunter-gatherer groups, and then turn to substantive results for modern-day countries at different stages of economic development drawn from the National Transfer Accounts project, a large international collaboration.Human hunter-gatherer offspring have an exceptionally long period of immaturity and nutritional dependency, lasting until around age 20 years, judging by studies of contemporary groups (Kaplan 1994; Hill and Hurtado 2009; Howell 2010). Adults at all ages up to around 70 years produced more calories than they consumed on average, contributing their surplus to feed the young. The modern demographic transition began many thousands of years after hunting and gathering had been displaced by agriculture as the dominant form of production technology and social organization. The demographic transition eventually led to a much-reduced proportion of children in the population and a very much increased proportion of elderly. Given the intergenerational transfer patterns of hunter-gatherers just described, including the net productivity of the elderly, one would have expected that population aging would relax the social budget constraint, as the ratio of adults to children soared. But a funny thing happened along the way: societies invented retirement, older people became increasingly dependent on younger adults, and the economic consequences of population aging are now viewed with alarm.
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影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Robinson, Rachel Sullivan;Lee, Ronald D.;Kramer, Karen L.
通讯作者：
Kramer, Karen L.
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
CALDWELL, JC
通讯作者：
CALDWELL, JC
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2009.1061
发表时间：
2009-11-07
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Hill, Kim;Hurtado, A. Magdalena
通讯作者：
Hurtado, A. Magdalena
影响因子：
13.7
作者：
BECKER, GS;BARRO, RJ
通讯作者：
BARRO, RJ
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1530303100
发表时间：
2003-08-05
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Lee, RD
通讯作者：
Lee, RD