Nanoparticle-based vaccines: opportunities and limitations
Nanoparticle-based vaccines: opportunities and limitations
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-12-817778-5.00007-5
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发表时间：
2020-01-17
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Zeng M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Diaz-Arévalo D;Zeng M
传染病是发展中国家经济负担的冰山一角，这是由于病原体对抗生素具有耐药性和缺乏疫苗造成的。在过去的几十年里，疫苗已经成为一个巨大的挑战，人们的注意力一直集中在科学挑战上，比如新疫苗的开发和佐剂或递送系统。传统的疫苗是从流感、天花和卡介苗等减毒活菌或灭活菌以及乙肝等亚单位研制出来的。在免疫抑制条件下，减毒疫苗有恢复其致病性的风险。开发无风险的亚单位疫苗被认为是一项基本需求，与适当的递送系统相结合，以获得所需的细胞和体液免疫反应，以对抗传染病。在过去的几十年里，在疫苗中使用纳米颗粒作为递送系统已经受到了特别的关注，以提高疫苗的效力。这些纳米颗粒可以由脂质、金属和非金属无机物、几种聚合物和病毒样颗粒组成，这些已经在研究中进行了测试；其中一些已经被批准用于人类和动物。纳米颗粒的特性允许靶向所需的抗原呈递细胞来改善免疫策略以诱导保护。纳米颗粒的主要特性是保护抗原免受早期蛋白水解降解，控制抗原释放，并帮助抗原提呈细胞摄取和加工抗原，它们应该是安全的，可用于人类和兽医。此外，纳米颗粒的物理化学性质可以被修改，以针对特定的细胞，提高疫苗的效力。本章重点介绍了基于纳米颗粒的疫苗配方和实现疫苗高效递送的方法，以诱导宿主对传染病的保护性免疫。
Infectious diseases are the tip of the iceberg in the economic burden of the developing countries, due to the resistance of the pathogens to antibiotics and the lack of vaccines. The vaccines have become a big challenge in the last decades, where the attention has been focused on scientific challenges such as new vaccine development and adjuvants or delivery systems. The classical vaccines were developed from live-attenuated or killed organisms, such as influenza, smallpox, and BCG, as well as subunits such as Hepatitis B. The attenuated vaccines carry the risk of regaining their pathogenicity under immunosuppression conditions. The development of subunit vaccines without risk are considered as an essential need in combination with adequate delivery systems to obtain desired cell and humoral immune responses against infectious diseases. In the last decades, the use of nanoparticles as a delivery system in vaccines has received special attention to improve vaccine efficacy. These nanoparticles could be composed of lipids, metal and nonmetal inorganics, several polymers, and virus-like particles, which have been tested in research; some of them have already been approved for human and animal use. The characteristics of the nanoparticles have allowed targeting desired antigen-presenting cells to improve immunization strategies to induce protection. The main characteristics of the nanoparticles are to protect the antigens from early proteolytic degradation, control antigen release, and help antigen uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells, and they should be safe for human and veterinary use. In addition, the nanoparticles could be modified in their physicochemical properties to target specific cells and improve vaccine efficacy. This chapter focuses on the nanoparticle-based vaccine formulations and the approaches used to realize efficient delivery of vaccines in order to induce host protective immunity against infectious diseases.