Calcium carbonate scale formation - assessing the initial stages of precipitation and deposition
Calcium carbonate scale formation - assessing the initial stages of precipitation and deposition
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DOI：
10.1016/j.petrol.2004.12.004
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发表时间：
2005-03-15
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yuan, MD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chen, T;Neville, A;Yuan, MD
结垢是包括石油或天然气生产、水运输、发电和分批沉淀在内的许多工业中遇到的严重问题。通常，结垢的研究集中在使用散装罐方法的散装溶液中的沉淀过程，其中沉淀倾向率和抑制剂有效性被量化。最近的几项研究已经开始关注金属表面上形成的水垢沉积物。本文研究了在三种过饱和垢形成溶液（代表石油和天然气生产中遇到的典型沃茨）中，钙质垢在本体溶液和金属表面上的形成。电化学技术，使用旋转盘电极（RDE），被用来量化的规模形成的金属表面上。利用这种技术，在RDE的表面处考虑氧的还原。通过RIDE表面的氧还原速率，可以评估水垢的表面覆盖范围。为了了解表面结垢存款的形成和生长，表面分析与该技术结合使用。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对氧化皮的微观结构进行了分析，同时采用电感耦合等离子体（ICP）对溶解氧化皮后在本体溶液中形成的沉淀物和在金属表面形成的氧化皮的数量进行了分析。在本文中，它表明，本体沉淀和表面沉积有不同的依赖性的指数的过饱和度，所以要完全理解一个工业结垢系统的过程都应该进行研究。(c)2005 Elsevier B.V保留所有权利。
Scale formation is a serious problem encountered in many industries including oil or gas production, water transport, power generation and batch precipitation. Normally, studies of scale formation have been focused on precipitation processes in the bulk solution using bulk jar methods where the precipitation tendency rate and inhibitor effectiveness are quantified. Several recent studies have started to focus on scale deposits formed on the surface of metals. In this paper, calcareous scale formation was studied both in the bulk solution and on the metal surface in three supersaturated scale formation solutions which represent typical waters encountered in oil and gas production. An electrochemical technique, using a rotating disk electrode (RDE), was used to quantify scale formation on the metal surface. With this technique, reduction of oxygen was considered at the surface of a RDE. The rate of oxygen-reduction at the surface of the RIDE enables the extent of surface coverage of scale to be assessed. To understand the formation and growth of the surface scale deposit, surface analysis was used in conjunction with this technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for analyzing the microstructure of the scale.At the same time, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) was used for analyzing the quantity of the precipitate formed in the bulk solution and scale formed on the metal surface by dissolving the scale. In this paper it is demonstrated that bulk precipitation and surface deposition have different dependencies on the index of supersaturation and so to completely understand an industrial scaling system both processes should be studied. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.