Experimental studies of traditions and underlying transmission processes in chimpanzees
Experimental studies of traditions and underlying transmission processes in chimpanzees
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.07.016
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发表时间：
2007-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Whiten, Andrew
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hopper, Lydia M.;Spiteri, Antoine;Whiten, Andrew
野生黑猩猩、泛穴居人在工具使用方面存在多个地区差异，但如果不进行实验就很难证实这些代表通过社会学习传播的传统的假设。为了测试黑猩猩维持传统的能力，我们在不同圈养群体的单个个体中植入了替代工具使用技术。一种名为“Lift”的技术在引入该技术的群体中传播，而不是在没有看到模型或接受了替代技术“Poke”的黑猩猩群体中传播。单独测试的对照动物也没有发现 Poke。然而，无论创始人的Lift或Poke技术如何，Poke在Lift组中自发地出现并在两个组中都占据主导地位。因此，这项研究证明了通过社会学习替代技术的统计上显着的差异性传播，但与早期对不同黑猩猩群体的研究不同，传统技术没有明显的分离。这种差异可能归因于之前使用相关工具的经验。在进一步的实验中，我们使用“幽灵”条件研究了获得“提升”技术时明显的社会学习基础，在“幽灵”条件下，任务是自动执行的，而不是由黑猩猩执行。喂食装置本身或与与其连接的工具的差动运动不足以发生学习。一只黑猩猩似乎有必要观察另一只黑猩猩执行提升技术，以便随后进行传播。 (C) 2007 年动物行为研究协会。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。
Multiple regional differences in tool use have been identified among wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, but the hypothesis that these represent traditions, transmitted through social learning, is difficult to substantiate without experimentation. To test chimpanzees' capacity to sustain traditions, we seeded alternative tool use techniques in single individuals in different captive groups. One technique, 'Lift', spread in the group into which it was introduced and not in chimpanzees who saw no model or whose group was seeded with the alternative technique, 'Poke'. Poke was also not discovered by control animals tested individually. However, Poke emerged spontaneously in the Lift group and became dominant in both groups, regardless of the founder's Lift or Poke technique. Accordingly, this study demonstrated a statistically significant, differential spread of alternative techniques through social learning, yet no clear separation of traditions, unlike an earlier study with a different population of chimpanzees. This difference may be attributable to prior experience with relevant tools. In further experiments we investigated the basis of the social learning evident in acquisition of the Lift technique, using 'ghost' conditions in which the task was operated automatically rather than by a chimpanzee. Differential movement of the feeding device either by itself or with the tool coupled to it was not sufficient for learning to occur. It appears necessary for a chimpanzee to observe another chimpanzee performing the Lift technique for transmission to ensue. (C) 2007 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.