Spatial Variation in Cost of Electricity-Driven Continuous Ammonia Production in the United States
Spatial Variation in Cost of Electricity-Driven Continuous Ammonia Production in the United States
复制标题
DOI：
10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c08032
复制
发表时间：
2022-06-20
影响因子：
8.4
通讯作者：
Mallapragada, Dharik S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bose, Abhishek;Lazouski, Nikifar;Mallapragada, Dharik S.
具有成本效益的低碳氨生产对于其现有用途脱碳是必要的，但也可以实现其他难以电气化的最终用途的脱碳，例如运输，其中能量密度是一个关键标准。她;我们评估了 2030 年通过整合可再生发电、电解、氨合成和能源存储的商业技术以工业规模（250 吨/天）生产氨的平准化成本（95% 可用性）。我们的分析考虑了可变可再生能源 (VRE) 来源和电网供电的成本和排放属性的空间和时间变化及其对工厂设计、运营、成本和排放的影响。根据 2030 年技术成本和电网预测，我们发现美国大陆中部的并网氨成本为 0.54-0.64 美元/公斤，而天然气氨成本为 0.3-0.4 美元/公斤，并且根据电网的发电组合，二氧化碳排放量可能更高或更低。完全基于 VRE 的氨生产，即使同时利用风能和光伏，也比并网的结果更昂贵，因为需要存储来管理 VRE 间歇性和连续氨生产。与天然气路线相比，在美国大陆中部现有氨设施地点结合使用 VRE 和电网电力，每吨氨的二氧化碳排放量可减少 2-80%，对应的平准化成本范围为 0.57-0.85 美元/千克氨。如果氨合成回路能够变得更加灵活，则可以进一步降低成本，从而减少对全天候电力供应的需求，并用氨存储替代电池存储的使用。
Cost-effective, low-carbon ammonia production is necessary for decarbonizing its existing uses but could also enable decarbonization of other difficult to electrify end uses such as shipping, where the energy density is a key criterion. Her; we assess the levelized cost of ammonia production (95% availability) at industrial-scale quantities (250 tonnes/day) in 2030 from integrating commercial technologies for renewable electricity generation, electrolysis, ammonia synthesis, and energy storage. Our analysis accounts for the spatial and temporal variability in cost and emissions attributes of the electricity supply from variable renewable energy (VRE) sources and the grid and its implications on plant design, operations, cost, and emissions. On the basis of 2030 technology cost and grid projections, we find that grid-connected ammonia in midcontinental U.S. costs 0.54-0.64 $/kg, in comparison to 0.3-0.4 $/kg for natural-gas-based ammonia and, depending on the generation mix of the grid, may have higher or lower CO2 emissions. Fully VRE based ammonia production, even with simultaneous wind and PV utilization, is more expensive than grid-connected outcomes, due to the need for storage to manage VRE intermittency and continuous ammonia production. Using a combination of VRE and grid electricity at locations of existing ammonia facilities in the midcontinental U.S. can achieve 2-80% CO2 emissions reduction per tonne of ammonia in comparison to natural gas routes and corresponds to a levelized cost range of 0.57-0.85 $/kg NH3. Further cost reductions are shown to be possible if the ammonia synthesis loop can be made more flexible, which reduces the need for a round-the-clock electricity supply and substitutes use of battery storage with ammonia storage.