The Geography of Exclusion: Race, Segregation, and Concentrated Poverty
The Geography of Exclusion: Race, Segregation, and Concentrated Poverty
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DOI：
10.1525/sp.2012.59.3.364
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发表时间：
2012-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Taquino, Michael C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lichter, Daniel T.;Parisi, Domenico;Taquino, Michael C.
本世纪头十年末的大衰退带来了富裕中不断加剧的社区贫困，以及居住在市中心社区的种族和民族“下层阶级”的卷土重来。我们的方法将注意力重定向到一定的地理水平--城市、郊区和小农村城镇--在那里，当地的政治和经济决策实际上将穷人和少数族裔人口排除在外。它使用2005-2009年美国社区调查新发布的贫困数据来提供证据，证明空间集中的贫困的宏观模式正在发生变化。我们显示，从2005年到2009年，美国大约四分之一的地方贫困率超过20%，自2000年以来上升了31%。大约30%的美国穷人生活在贫困地区，集中贫困在贫穷的非裔美国人中尤为严重。尽管如此，由于拉美裔贫困人口集中贫困的减少(这种模式反映了向新目的地的空间扩散)，十年来以地方为基础的贫困增加的趋势有所减弱。我们还发现，美国贫困人口在当地劳动力市场(即县)内的分布并不均匀；从1990年到2005-2009年期间，不同地区之间的贫困率从12.6%上升到18.4%。种族隔离在处境不利的黑人和西班牙裔中尤其严重。我们的实证结果为在地方层面上对新出现的集中贫困模式给予更多的学术关注提供了依据。
The late 2000s Great Recession brought rising neighborhood poverty in the midst of affluence, and the reemer-gence of a racial and ethnic "underclass" living in inner-city neighborhoods. Our approach redirects attention to a level of geography-cities, suburbs, and small rural towns-where local political and economic decisions effectively exclude the poor and minority populations. It uses newly released poverty data from the 2005-2009 American Community Survey to provide evidence of changing macro patterns of spatially concentrated poverty. We show that roughly one in four U.S. places had poverty rates exceeding 20 percent in 2005 through 2009, up 31 percent since 2000. Roughly 30 percent of America's poor reside in poor places, and concentrated poverty is especially high among poor African Americans. Overall increases in place-based poverty nonetheless were muted over the decade by declines in concentrated poverty among poor Hispanics (a pattern that reflects spatial diffusion to new destinations). We also show that America's poor were sorted unevenly from place-to-place within local labor markets (i.e., counties); poornonpoor segregation rates between places increased from 12.6 to 18.4 between 1990 and the 2005-2009 period. Segregation was especially high among disadvantaged blacks and Hispanics. Our empirical results make a case for more scholarly attention on newly emerging patterns of concentrated poverty at the place level.