Imagery paradigms: how vulnerable are they to experimenters' expectations?
Imagery paradigms: how vulnerable are they to experimenters' expectations?
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图像范式：它们有多容易受到实验者期望的影响？
DOI：
10.1037//0096-1523.9.3.394
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发表时间：
1983
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. J. Intons
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. J. Intons
本研究考察了受试者的期望对受试者在表象范式中反应的影响，使一些受试者相信基于表象使用的表现会优于基于知觉的表现。其他实验者被引导去期待知觉优势。对三种范式进行了检验。实验1认为表象敏锐度和知觉敏锐度是刺激模式大小和相对亮度的函数；实验2比较了表象和知觉扫描地图；实验3和4研究了想象或知觉启动后旋转的手的识别。在所有实验中，受试者的表现因实验者的信念而异，这表明这些范式对实验者心照不宣、无意的暗示的微妙影响很敏感。实验4探讨了观察者识别默契暗示和实验者期望的能力。观察者准确地分配了实验者的信念，但无法系统地检测实验者陈述指令的区别和区别特征。对录音转录的分析发现，在时间短语方面存在一些差异。讨论了这些结果的意义。
The effects of experimenters' expectations on subjects' responses in imagery paradigms were investigated by leading some experimenters to believe that performance based on the use of imagery would be superior to performance based on perception. Other experimenters were led to expect perceptual superiority. Three paradigms are tested. Experiment 1 considered imaginal and perceptual acuity as functions of the size and relative brightness of the stimulus patterns; Experiment 2 compared imaginal and perceptual scanning of maps; and Experiments 3 and 4 studied the identification of rotated hands after imaginal or perceptual priming. In all the experiments, subjects' performances varied with the experimenters' beliefs, suggesting that these paradigms are sensitive to subtle influences from experimenters' tacit, unintentional cues. Experiment 4 probed the ability of observers to identify both tacit cues and the experimenters' expectations. The observers accurately assigned the experimenters' beliefs but were unable to systematically detect distinguishing and differential characteristics of the experimenters' presentations of the instructions. Analysis of taped transcriptions yielded some differences in temporal phrasing. Implications of these results are discussed.