The emergence of mature gestural patterns is not uniform: evidence from an acoustic study.
The emergence of mature gestural patterns is not uniform: evidence from an acoustic study.
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DOI：
10.1044/jshr.3605.959
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发表时间：
1993-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Nittrouer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Nittrouer
以往的研究调查的发音手势的组织提出了相互矛盾的帐户与年龄有关的差异，在执行发音手势本身和这些手势的组织。一些方法上的差异可能有助于解释这些矛盾：首先，不同的研究使用了不同的测量方法，所有这些方法都在不同程度上反映了声道活动;其次，所分析的发音手势在不同的研究中不同;第三，音节的语音组成不同;最后，话语长度，因此复杂性，在不同的研究中也不同。本研究的目的是调查的可能性，这些方法的差异导致矛盾的结果是因为出现成熟的手势模式在儿童的讲话是不统一的。为了实现这一目标，进行了详细的声学分析从成人和儿童（3，5，7岁）的schwa停止元音的话语。时间的措施表明，一些声学段在儿童的比成人的样本，而其他人的持续时间相似。频率表明，声道的打开和关闭实现成人一样的运动模式的年龄为3岁，但儿童的舌头的手势是受语音背景比成人，直到至少7岁。综上所述，这些结果表明，学习产生和协调发音手势的发展速度是不一致的。因此，早期研究中发现的矛盾可能很好地反映了测量和话语选择的差异，这两者都可能导致对手势模式不同方面的评估。
Previous studies investigating the organization of articulatory gestures present conflicting accounts of age-related differences in the execution of the articulatory gestures themselves and in the organization of those gestures. Several methodological differences may help to explain these contradictions: First, different studies have used different measures, all of which reflect vocal-tract activity to varying extents; second, the articulatory gestures being analyzed differed across studies; third, the phonetic composition of syllables has varied; and finally, utterance length, and therefore complexity, has varied across studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility that the reason these methodological differences have led to contradictory results is because the emergence of mature gestural patterns in children's speech is not uniform. To accomplish this goal, detailed acoustic analyses were performed on schwa-stop-vowel utterances from adults and from children (3, 5, and 7 years of age). Temporal measures showed that some acoustic segments were longer in children's than in adults' samples, whereas others were similar in duration. Formant frequencies indicated that vocal-tract opening and closing achieve adult-like patterns of movement by the age of 3 years, but children's tongue gestures are constrained by phonetic context more than those of adults until at least the age of 7 years. Taken together, these results suggest that the pace of development for learning to produce and to coordinate articulatory gestures is not uniform. Thus, the contradictions in findings among earlier studies may very well reflect differences in choices of measurement and utterances to be analyzed, both of which may lead to evaluations of different aspects of gestural patterning.