Pathology of fatal West Nile virus infections in native and exotic birds during the 1999 outbreak in New York City, New York
Pathology of fatal West Nile virus infections in native and exotic birds during the 1999 outbreak in New York City, New York
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DOI：
10.1354/vp.37-3-208
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发表时间：
2000-05-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
McNamara, TS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Steele, KE;Linn, MJ;McNamara, TS
1999 年，西尼罗河热在美国东北部引起了人类、马和鸟类的致命疾病。我们研究了来自纽约州纽约市两个野生动物设施的鸟类，这些鸟类死亡或被安乐死，并被怀疑感染了西尼罗河病毒。使用标准组织学和超微结构方法、病毒分离、免疫组织化学、原位杂交和逆转录酶聚合酶链反应，我们确定西尼罗河病毒是代表 8 个目、14 个物种的 27 只鸟类临床疾病、严重病理变化和死亡的原因。在 23/26 大脑 (88%)、24/25 心脏 (96%)、15/18 脾脏 (83%)、14/20 肝脏 (70%)、20/20 肾脏 (100%)、10/13 肾上腺 (77%)、13/14 肠道 (93%)、10/12 胰腺中检测到病毒(83%)、5/12 肺 (42%) 和 4/8 卵巢 (50%) 通过一种或多种方法。细胞靶标包括大脑、脊髓和外周神经节中的神经元和神经胶质细胞；心肌纤维；巨噬细胞和血液单核细胞；肾小管上皮；肾上腺皮质细胞；胰腺腺泡细胞和胰岛细胞：肠隐窝上皮；卵母细胞；以及成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞。除乌鸦和喜鹊外，浦肯野细胞尤其受到攻击。脑大出血、脾肿大、脑膜脑炎和心肌炎是最突出的病变。免疫组织化学是识别感染病例的有效且可靠的方法，但多克隆抗体与圣路易斯脑炎病毒和其他黄病毒发生交叉反应。相比之下，原位杂交探针pWNV-E (WN-USAMRIID99)仅与西尼罗河病毒发生反应。这些方法应该可以帮助诊断医生应对美国出现的西尼罗河病毒。
West Nile fever caused fatal disease in humans, horses, and birds in the northeastern United States during 1999. We studied birds from two wildlife facilities in New York City, New York, that died or were euthanatized and were suspected to have West Nile virus infections. Using standard histologic and ultrastructural methods, virus isolation, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we identified West Nile virus as the cause of clinical disease, severe pathologic changes, and death in 27 birds representing eight orders and 14 species. Virus was detected in 23/26 brains (88%), 24/25 hearts (96%), 15/18 spleens (83%), 14/20 Livers (70%), 20/20 kidneys (100%), 10/13 adrenals (77%), 13/14 intestines (93%), 10/12 pancreata (83%), 5/12 lungs (42%), and 4/8 ovaries (50%) by one or more methods. Cellular targets included neurons and glial cells in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia; myocardial fibers; macrophages and blood monocytes; renal tubular epithelium; adrenal cortical cells; pancreatic acinar cells and islet cells: intestinal crypt epithelium; oocytes; and fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Purkinje cells were especially targeted, except in crows and magpies. Gross hemorrhage of the brain, splenomegaly, meningoencephalitis, and myocarditis were the most prominent lesions. Immunohistochemistry was an efficient and reliable method for identifying infected cases, but the polyclonal antibody cross-reacted with St. Louis encephalitis virus and other flaviviruses. in contrast, the in situ hybridization probe pWNV-E (WN-USAMRIID99) reacted only with West Nile virus. These methods should aid diagnosticians faced with the emergence of West Nile virus in the United States.