DETECTING PLANETS AROUND VERY LOW MASS STARS WITH THE RADIAL VELOCITY METHOD

DETECTING PLANETS AROUND VERY LOW MASS STARS WITH THE RADIAL VELOCITY METHOD
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用视向速度法探测低质量恒星周围的行星

DOI:
10.1088/0004-637x/710/1/432
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发表时间:
2010
期刊:
The Astrophysical Journal
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Czesla
Czesla
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Reiners;Dreizler;Seifahrt;Czesla

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用径向速度(RV)方法探测质量非常低的恒星周围的行星受到这样一个事实的阻碍,即这些恒星在最高精度光谱仪工作的光学波长处非常微弱。我们调查的精度,可以实现在RV测量低质量的恒星在近红外(NIR)的Y-,J-和H-波段,我们比较它的光学假设可比的望远镜和仪器的效率实现的精度。对于早期M星,近红外RV测量与光学测量相比没有或只有边际优势。虽然它们在近红外中发射更多的通量,但光学中光谱特征的丰富性超过了通量差异。我们发现,近红外测量可以像光学测量一样精确的光谱类型的恒星M1 M4,并从那里的近红外精度增益对较冷的物体。我们研究了近红外光谱中潜在的校准策略,发现一个稳定的光谱仪与ThAr校准可以提供足够的波长稳定性为m s− 1精度。此外,我们模拟了从光学到NIR波长的活动(冷点)对RV测量的波长依赖性影响。我们的现场模拟表明,RV抖动并不像人们通常认为的那样,在波长越长时会显著降低。抖动很大程度上取决于光斑的细节,即光斑温度和光斑的光谱外观。在低温度对比度(10200 K),抖动显示出减少对近红外线高达10倍,但它减少了相当大的温度对比度。即将推出的近红外光谱仪将允许在M中晚期恒星中搜索具有特别优势的行星。活动仍将是一个问题,但同时观测光学和近红外波长可以提供强大的约束点的性质,在活跃的恒星。
The detection of planets around very low-mass stars with the radial velocity (RV) method is hampered by the fact that these stars are very faint at optical wavelengths where the most high-precision spectrometers operate. We investigate the precision that can be achieved in RV measurements of low mass stars in the near-infrared (NIR) Y-, J-, and H-bands, and we compare it to the precision achievable in the optical assuming comparable telescope and instrument efficiencies. For early-M stars, RV measurements in the NIR offer no or only marginal advantage in comparison with optical measurements. Although they emit more flux in the NIR, the richness of spectral features in the optical outweighs the flux difference. We find that NIR measurement can be as precise as optical measurements in stars of spectral type∼ M4, and from there the NIR gains in precision toward cooler objects. We studied potential calibration strategies in the NIR finding that a stable spectrograph with a ThAr calibration can offer enough wavelength stability for m s− 1 precision. Furthermore, we simulate the wavelength-dependent influence of activity (cool spots) on RV measurements from optical to NIR wavelengths. Our spot simulations reveal that the RV jitter does not decrease as dramatically toward longer wavelengths as often thought. The jitter strongly depends on the details of the spots, ie, on spot temperature and the spectral appearance of the spot. At low temperature contrast (∼ 200 K), the jitter shows a decrease toward the NIR up to a factor of 10, but it decreases substantially less for larger temperature contrasts. Forthcoming NIR spectrographs will allow the search for planets with a particular advantage in mid-and late-M stars. Activity will remain an issue, but simultaneous observations at optical and NIR wavelengths can provide strong constraints on spot properties in active stars.
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