Are Behavioral Differences Among Wild Chimpanzee Communities Genetic Or Cultural? An Assessment Using Tool-Use Data and Phylogenetic Methods
Are Behavioral Differences Among Wild Chimpanzee Communities Genetic Or Cultural? An Assessment Using Tool-Use Data and Phylogenetic Methods
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DOI：
10.1002/ajpa.21249
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发表时间：
2010-07-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
McGrew, William C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lycett, Stephen J.;Collard, Mark;McGrew, William C.
在过去的30年里，越来越明显的是，泛轮虫野生群落之间存在着许多行为差异。一些研究人员认为，这些差异是社交习得行为的结果，因此可以被认为是文化上的。其他人则认为，现有的证据太弱，不能忽视这种行为是由基因决定的另一种可能性。以前对黑猩猩行为的系统发育分析并不支持遗传假说的预测。然而，这些研究的结果可能存在问题，因为所采用的行为样本不包括来自中部非洲的社区。在这里，我们介绍了一项旨在解决这一缺陷的研究结果。我们对与10个不同的轮虫群落和一个外群(P Paniscus)的19种工具使用行为有关的存在/缺席数据进行了分支分析。遗传数据表明，西非的黑猩猩群落与东非和中非的黑猩猩群落有很好的区别，而后者并不是对等的单系进化。因此，我们预测，如果遗传假设是正确的，工具使用数据应该在结构方面反映遗传数据。我们使用的三种系统发育结构度量(保留指数、自举和排列尾概率检验)并不支持遗传假说。将所有10个社区包括在内时，这一数字都低于排除三个西非社区时的水平。因此，我们的研究驳斥了遗传假说，并提供了进一步的证据，证明黑猩猩的行为模式是社会学习的产物，因此满足文化的主要条件。Am J Phys Anthropol142：461-467,2010。(C)2010年Wiley-Liss公司
Over the last 30 years it has become increasingly apparent that there are many behavioral differences among wild communities of Pan troglodytes. Some researchers argue these differences are a consequence of the behaviors being socially learned, and thus may be considered cultural. Others contend that the available evidence is too weak to discount the alternative possibility that the behaviors are genetically determined. Previous phylogenetic analyses of chimpanzee behavior have not supported the predictions of the genetic hypothesis. However, the results of these studies are potentially problematic because the behavioral sample employed did not include communities from central Africa. Here, we present the results of a study designed to address this shortcoming. We carried out cladistic analyses of presence/absence data pertaining to 19 tool-use behaviors in 10 different P. troglodytes communities plus an outgroup (P paniscus). Genetic data indicate that chimpanzee communities in West Africa are well differentiated from those in eastern and central Africa, while the latter are not reciprocally monophyletic. Thus, we predicted that if the genetic hypothesis is correct, the tool-use data should mirror the genetic data in terms of structure. The three measures of phylogenetic structure we employed (the Retention Index, the bootstrap, and the Permutation Tail Probability Test) did not support the genetic hypothesis. They were all lower when all 10 communities were included than when the three western African communities are excluded. Hence, our study refutes the genetic hypothesis and provides further evidence that patterns of behavior in chimpanzees are the product of social learning and therefore meet the main condition for culture. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:461-467, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.