A nectar‐secreting gall wasp and ant mutualism: selection and counter‐selection shaping gall wasp phenology, fecundity and persistence
A nectar‐secreting gall wasp and ant mutualism: selection and counter‐selection shaping gall wasp phenology, fecundity and persistence
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分泌花蜜的瘿蜂和蚂蚁互利共生：选择和反选择塑造瘿蜂物候、繁殖力和持久性
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发表时间：
1993
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通讯作者：
T. Seibert
中科院分区：
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作者：
T. Seibert
抽象的。1研究了瘿蜂的自然史，包括与昆虫、寄生虫和互利共生蚂蚁的相互作用。从影响瘿蜂生活史特征的角度描述了系统的稳定性。2排斥实验表明，毒蛾分泌花蜜的胆汁与抚育蚂蚁Formica obscuripes介导了互惠共生。存活率从没有蚂蚁时的0%增加到有蚂蚁时的25.3%，这主要是由于排除了掘墓人。3专门的寄生虫，Eudecatoma spp.，在蚂蚁-虫瘿相互作用开始之前，当发育中的虫瘿仍在宿主植物（甘布栎）表皮下并且蚂蚁没有参与时，蚂蚁会受到攻击。它们可能会选择发育较晚的瘿蜂，这得益于较少的个体寄生。然而，早期发育的反选择可能是由于瘿蜂大小减少，繁殖力下降，以及后期发育导致的瘿失败增加。4.尽管来自寄生虫和寄生虫的压力增加，但瘿蜂种群的局部持续性归因于滞育引起的多态性羽化导致的瘿蜂及时逃逸。大多数个体在夏季结束时出现，但大约1 - 5%的个体会在1-5年内作为包皮留在虫瘿中。
Abstract. 1 The natural history of a gall wasp including interactions with inquilines, parasites, and a mutualistic ant are examined. The stability of the system is described from the perspective of influences on gall wasp life history characteristics. 2 An exclusion experiment demonstrated that the nectar‐secreting gall of Disholcaspis perniciosa mediates a mutualism with the tending ant, Formica obscuripes. Survivorship increased from 0% in the absence of ants to 25.3% in their presence, largely due to the exclusion of inquilines. 3 Specialized parasites, Eudecatoma spp., attacked before the ant‐gall interaction began, when the developing gall was still beneath the host plant (Quercus gambellii) epidermis and ants were not in attendance. They may select for later developing gall wasps, which benefit by having fewer individuals parasitized. However, counter‐selection for earlier development may result from decreased gall wasp size, decreased fecundity, and an increase in gall failures resulting from late development. 4 Local persistence of the gall wasp population despite increased pressure from inquilines and parasites was attributed to gall wasp escape in time due to polymorphic emergence resulting from diapause. Most individuals emerge at the end of the summer, but approximately 15% remain in the galls as prepupae for 1–5 years.