Sleep and the circadian system: The latest gossip on a tumultuous long-term relationship.
Sleep and the circadian system: The latest gossip on a tumultuous long-term relationship.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.nbscr.2021.100061
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发表时间：
2021-05
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
de la Iglesia HO
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sanchez REA;de la Iglesia HO
任何到过我们星球的人都会注意到，人类的活动在夜间急剧减少，在夜间的大部分时间里，我们陷入了一种无意识的、基本上没有生命的状态，我们称之为睡眠。有人会认为，这种公然的，似乎不可避免的夜间侵入公开行为，以惊人的规律节奏发生，应该代表了两个明显的灵魂伴侣之间长期亲密关系的第一章：生物钟，我们的24小时生物节律，和睡眠。然而，这对夫妇的故事要复杂得多。到了世纪中期，研究24小时休息-活动节律的科学家们一直在努力弄清楚这些节律是由内源性计时机制产生的，还是仅仅是对环境周期的反应。一旦明确了一个24小时的自主生物振荡（一种昼夜节律钟）确实是这些节律的原因，人们的努力就转向了寻找这个时钟并阐明它是如何组合在一起的。与此同时，脑电图作为第一个“看到”人类大脑工作的工具的发现，使那些对睡眠中大脑的秘密信息感兴趣的人着迷，并导致了一种相当狂热的皮层活动分类-通过头骨和头皮嘈杂地报告-分为不同振幅的长波和短波，与不同的行为状态和睡眠类型相关。虽然昼夜节律研究人员感兴趣的是解剖生物钟的各个部分，确定光如何与这些部分相互作用以携带它，并将其拆卸并重新组装起来，探索生物钟是否维持睡眠或睡眠阶段的节奏对他们来说是一个不太有吸引力的奋进。同样，睡眠研究人员感兴趣的是，为什么很难从“慢波”睡眠中唤醒一个人，而不是一个具有类似清醒的电子信号的睡眠阶段，或者这两个阶段是否与做梦和学习有关，但对睡眠如何在一天中进行时间组织的兴趣很少。
Any visitor to our planet would register that human activity is drastically reduced during the nighttime, and that during a large portion of the night we fall into an unconscious and largely inanimate state we call sleep. One would think that this blatant, seemingly inescapable nightly intrusion in overt behavior, which occurs with a strikingly regular rhythm, should have represented the first chapter of a long-lasting intimate relationship between two apparent soulmates: the biological clock that times our 24-h biological rhythms, and sleep. However, the story of this couple is far more complex.By the mid-20th century, scientists who studied 24-h rest-activity rhythms were occupied trying to sort out whether these rhythms were generated by endogenous timing mechanisms or instead represented a simple response to environmental cycles. Once it was clear that indeed a~ 24-h autonomous biological oscillation—a circadian clock—was responsible for these rhythms, the effort shifted to finding this clock and elucidating how it was put together. Meanwhile, the discovery of the electroencephalogram as the first tool to “see” the human mind at work mesmerized those interested in the secret messages of the sleeping brain, and led to a rather fanatical classification of cortical activity—noisily reported through the skull and scalp—into long and short waves of different amplitudes that correlated with different behavioral states and types of sleep. While circadian researchers were interested in dissecting parts of the clock, determining how light interacted with these parts to entrain it, and disassembling and putting it back together, exploring whether the clock sustained rhythms of sleep or sleep stages was a less attractive endeavor for them. Similarly, sleep researchers were interested in why it was so difficult to wake somebody up from “slow-wave” sleep vs. a sleep stage with an electrical signature resembling wakefulness, or whether either of these stages were associated with dreaming and learning, but showed very little interest in how sleep was temporally organized throughout the day.