Proximity to Woodland and Landscape Structure Drives Pollinator Visitation in Apple Orchard Ecosystem
Proximity to Woodland and Landscape Structure Drives Pollinator Visitation in Apple Orchard Ecosystem
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2016.00038
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发表时间：
2016-04
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
N. Joshi;Mark Otieno;E. Rajotte;S. Fleischer;D. Biddinger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
N. Joshi;Mark Otieno;E. Rajotte;S. Fleischer;D. Biddinger
众所周知，农场和邻近地区的景观会影响商业农业生态系统中各种节肢动物（如传粉媒介）的丰度。在此背景下，我们研究了2011 - 2013年美国宾夕法尼亚州商业苹果园周围的异质景观对开花期间传粉者访花和觅食距离的影响。我们的研究结果表明，野生蜜蜂和独居蜜蜂在苹果园内的访问频率取决于果园与非管理栖息地（主要由森林组成）的接近程度。在景观尺度上，平均接近指数、最大斑块指数和斑块数与优势蜜蜂类群（蜜蜂、Bombus spp.和独居蜂）在果园周边500 m范围内对苹果花的访花率呈正相关。500 m处的平均接近指数与蜜蜂的访视模式有关，尤其是独居蜜蜂和蜜蜂。在我们所有的研究地点，蜜蜂都倾向于在苹果园周围500米的大型均匀斑块中觅食。这种效应可以归因于苹果的大量开花，在500米的空间尺度上占了最大的比例。在250 m空间尺度上，斑块数量与蜜蜂访巢率呈显著正相关，这可能是由于这些区域有更多的生境和蜜蜂所需的资源。我们的结论是，保留离商业苹果园更近的无管理栖息地将保持景观内的生物多样性，并确保苹果的授粉服务。
Landscapes of farms and adjacent areas are known to influence abundance of various arthropods such as pollinators in commercial agricultural ecosystems. In this context, we examined the effect of heterogeneous landscapes surrounding and including commercial apple orchards on pollinator visitation and foraging distance during bloom period from 2011 to 2013 in Pennsylvania. Our results showed that the frequency of feral honeybees and solitary bee visits within an apple orchard depends on the proximity of the orchard to an unmanaged habitat (primarily comprised of forest). At the landscape scale, we found that the Mean Proximity Index, the Largest Patch Index and the Number of Patches positively correlated with the visitation rate of dominant bee taxa (Apis mellifera, Bombus spp. and solitary bees) visiting apple flowers at low spatial scales (up to 500 m around the orchards). The Mean Proximity Index at 500 m was related to bee visitation patterns, especially for solitary bees and A. mellifera. Bees in all our study sites preferred to forage in areas with large homogenous patches up to 500 m around an apple orchard. This effect can be attributed to the mass flowering of apples that formed the largest proportion of the 500 m spatial scale. The Number of Patches at 250 m spatial scale was positively correlated with bee visitation, especially Bombus spp., probably because these areas had more habitats and more resources required by these bees. We conclude that retaining unmanaged habitats closer to commercial apple orchards will maintain biodiversity within the landscapes and insure pollination services to apples.